-
Nationalist group
Fight for unification of Italian states through popular uprising -
-
after a failed insurrection
-
-
-
-
-
Britain+France against Russia
-
dealt with peace negotiations
Count Cavour was not directly involved in talks -
Felice Orsini (an Italian patriot) attempts to assassinate Napoleon III. He felt Nap III was responsible for failure of earlier revolutions & hoped that this would aid Italian unity. His act, designed to arouse world interest in the Italian cause, paradoxically influenced Napoleon's own decision to intervene in favour of Italian unification.
-
-
-
Kingdom of Italy acquires Patrimony of St. Peter
-
-
-
-
Socialist Party newspaper
-
-
-
-
-
+participation in WW1 leads to inflation
-
-
-
"two red years"
serious post-war economic problems
revolution seems imminent
sit-down strikes by factory workers of the north -
up to his death
-
He takes control of German Worker's Party and changes it's name to Nazi - National Socialist German Worker's Party
-
- electoral victories for socialists
-
electoral alliance with Giolitti + COrradini and other right-wing forces
in general election 35 fascists elected, including Mussolini -
between fascists and socialists
-
-
-
-
-
-
Hitler's first attempt at seizing the power with Nazi Party
didn't succeed
he got imprisoned for treason and reconsidered his political strategy
Whilst in prison he dictated Mein Kampf and decided that the Nazis have to gain power legally through elections -
-
-
-
-
begining of worldwide Great Depression
disastrous for Germany - 6 million unemployed
second major economic catastrophe of the Weimar Republic
Soon became a political crisis as 3 Chancellors in 2 years could not solve the problem of Germany (Bruning, Schleicher, von Papen)
Hitler is "the last hope" -
- Chancellorship
- Three cabinet posts for Nazis
- Creation of a Propaganda Ministry
- Control over Ministry of Interior
- Control of Prussia
- Passage of an Enabling Act giving him control to rule by decree
-
they secretly plan their government with:
Hitler -> chancellor
Franz von paper -> vice-chancellor and premier of Prussia
Wilhelm Frick -> Minister of the Interior
Hermann Goering -> Minister w/o Portfolio & Minister of Interior of Prussia -
-
looses
Hitler 30%, Hindenburg 49% -
up to his death
-
due to growing Nazi violence
-
General Kurt von Schleicher wanting to lead Germany himself holds a secret meeting with Adolf Hitler, proposing lifting the ban of SS and SA, dissolving the Reichstag, holding new elections and dumping Chancellor Bruning if Hitler would support his government. Hitler agrees.
-
end of democracy in Germany
-
-
-
violent confrontation between:
SA+SS,
police
and the Communist Party supporters -
-
-
-
By Hitler's order to Sa and SS
-
he believed in stable currency & steady growth;
promoted trade agreements with developing countries
his new plan of 1934 aimed to reduce imports to Germany and to strengthen the currency
fell out with Hitler,
replaced by Goering -
-
SA's torch-lit parade in front of Brandenburg Gate in Berlin
-
Nazis accused the communists of the arson as well as attempting to overthrow the state (arrests 4000 of them). The Nazis would use this event to eliminate all political opposition.
Marius van der Lubbe ( dutch communist) arrested
communists banned from the election -
President Hindenburg was persuaded to issue the Emergency decree invoking Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. This gave the Chancellor the authority to impose dictatorial power to protect the democratic order from being overthrown.
Members of the Communist Party were arrested. -
in Dachau
political opponents were put in these camps, beaten and forced to do hard labour unless they agreed to cooperate with the Nazis
Mainly communists arrested -
a special power allowed by the WR's Constitution
Gave Chancellor (Hitler) & his cabinet emergency, dictatiorial powers to pass laws by decree, without the Reichstag, for a specified period of time (4 years)
Because it altered the constitution, passing of the Enabling Act required a 2/3 majority vote of the Reichstag. This was achieved by Nazi manouvering
SS & SA surrounded the building to intimidate politicians
Now, Hitler could pass any law he wanted -
by the power of the Enabling Act
-
-
austrofascism
-
-
-
-
-
-
cooperation deal
Rome-Berlin Axis -
-
an anti-Soviet alliance
-
-
Italy had a major military advantage on the Albanian army.
Day 1 all ports were in Italian hands.
Day 2 they had all government buildings
Day 6 the Albanian parliament deposed the King and voted to unite with Italy in "personal union"
15 April 1939 Albania withdrew from LoN
Italians set up a Fascist government. Albanian foreign office was merged with the Italian foreign ministry and army was put under Italian command. Official creation of the Italian Empire -
a military alliance
-
unleashing general European War
-
-
-
Germany Italy Japan
in order to deter USA from entering WWII
Later signatories: Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Croatia
Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano, Kurusu Saburo
used during Pearl Harbor -
-
