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Suttee is the practice of devout Hindu women throwing themselves on the funeral pyre of their husband
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The Boers moving inward to interior of Africa to form the Orange Free State, the Transvaal, and Natal
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They sent steamboats up the rivers to defeat them in the end, with the British annexing Hong Cong and forcing China to open 5 ports to trade
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It's across from Hong Cong
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More specifically, it was found in the Griqualand West right below the Orange Free State and above the Cape Colony
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The European nations and later the United States and Japan begin to expand their imperial holdings, carving up Africa and establishing claims in Asia
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Bismark made it with Kaiser Wilhelm I, Franz Joseph, and Tsar Alexander II where they pledged to cooperate and maintain the peace and the status quo.
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It provides for mutual aid if either country is attacked by Russia
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This is in response to France establishing a protectorate over Tunisia
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- Russia decided to be out of the Three Emperors League due to their hostility to Austria, but wanted to still be friends with Germany
- It says that both countries would remain neutral in case of a war unless Germany attacked France or Russia attacked Austro-Hungary
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This was done in exchange for recognizing the British interests in Kenya, Uganda, and Zanzibar.
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It's a military alliance aimed at the imperial rival of Britain
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- The war was ended by the Treaty of Shimonoseki which gave Japan the Island of Formosa (Taiwan)
- It ensures the freedom of Korea
- They get access to the Liaotung peninsula in southern Manchuria
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This was done under the command of Dr. Leander S. Jameson, leading President Paul Kruger to get support from the Kaiser
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Italy fails in their invasion of Ethiopia
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Kitchener subdued the Mahdists using the machine gun
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- The Boers inflict several humiliating defeats on the British between October 1899-1900
- They besiege Kimberley, Mafeking, and Ladysmith
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- The British bring in the more talented solders led by Field Marshall Lord Roberts and General Kitchener
- They defeat the Boer army and release the three towns
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- 200 missionaries and others were killed and the capital of Peking was besieged
- All 8 imperial nations worked together to form the International Expeditionary Force- Britain, Russia, Germany, Austro-Hungary, France, Italy, Japan, and America
- After putting down the rebellion, they charge China an Indemnity of 67.5 million pounds
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- The Boers resort to Guerilla warfare using hit-and-run tactics
- the British resort to a scorched earth policy, where they burn farms and all of the fields, affecting the civilian populations
- the British Rounded up the Boers and put them in Concentration camps
- With no food left, 20,000 Afrikaners died of disease and malnutrition
- Ended by the Peace of Vereeniging
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This is because they were isolated after the Boer Wars
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- It was a secret agreement in which Italy threw its support behind France for their Morocco Protectorate, and they supported Italy’s possibilities in North Africa for colonies
- This agreement and the Entente Cordiale isolated Germany
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- This was between France and Britain to not bring them into the Russo-Japanese War
- France gives Egypt to Britain
- Britain supports France forming a protectorate in Morocco
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- Japan got the lease to the Liaotung Peninsula
- They divide that land up into Northern Manchuria which Russia has a sphere of, and Southern Manchuria that Japan gets the sphere on
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- It completed the Triple Entente
- Under the terms of this, they give Afghanistan to Britain, and Persia is divided into zones of influence
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- They closed off the Turkish Straits, the entrance to the Black Sea
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- He was a member of a Secret South Slav Nationalist Organization called the Black Hand or Union or Death
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- It was that so harsh it would’ve made Serbia part of their empire
- Serbia gave in on a lot of the points, but not all of them, but Austria did not accept any negotiation
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Germany gave Austria a blank check for this
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- Germany issued an ultimatum to Russia, telling them to stop mobilizing their army, and Russia refused
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- Germany sent a telegram to France asking their intentions, and France said they’d act in accordance with their interests
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- Their plan was the Schlieffen Plan, which is a quick attack on France, which makes them go through Belgium fast, which would bring Britain in
- Germany knows they will violate Belgium's neutrality that all European nations had guaranteed in 1839
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- This was in response to the British invasion of Belgium
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- It was a secret treaty between Italy and the Allies
- It promised them some Austo-Hungary and Ottoman Empire territory as well as colonies in North Africa
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- a German U-Boat sunk a British passenger liner the Lusitania, killing 128 American citizens, outraging the US government and public
- The US Government demanded the end of German unrestricted submarine warfare, and Germany agrees to only attack warships
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- 18 mile front
- The week before the battle, they did an intense artillery barrage on the German lines
- The bombs mainly didn't explode, so when they attacked planning to finish the Germans off, they were attacked by German machine guns
- They were given faulty wire cutters, leaving them in the open in no man's land
- The British had 60,000 casualties
- The battle continued for a further 140 days of attack and counterattack
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- They sink another British passenger liner the Laconia, killing 2 Americas
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- The german foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman sent it to the German Ambassador to Mexico
- Tensions between Mexico and America were high, and Germany promised assistance in Mexico retaking Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico
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- It ended the war between Germany and Russia
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- It was a final push of Germany into France, but Britain and America rushed to defend and counter
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- Major decisions were made by the Council of Four: American President Woodrow Wilson, French Premier Georges Clemenceau, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, and the Italian Premier Vittorio Orlando
- Germany and Soviet Russia are not invited to the table basically
- Wilson a year before put forward his plan for peace- the Fourteen Points
- It created five treaties (Including the Treaty of Versailles)
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- The Allies forced the German delegation to sign the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirror
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- Mussolini and the Black Shirts march on Rome
- The king of Italy notices
- Within 2 days, King Victor Emmanuel III names Mussolini Premier of Italy
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- They join with General Erich Ludendorff*and his conservative nationalists and try to take over the government, but it fails, and they are all arrested and tried for treason
- Ludendorff is let off, but Hitler is convicted of treason, and sentenced to 5 years in prison
- Hitler wrote Mein Kampf in prison
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- It says that when their economy is strong they pay more reparations, and when the economy is weak, they will pay less
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- They promise to respect each other’s mutual borders, and Germany once again agrees to the permanent demilitarization of the Rhineland
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- It almost halved their reparations and extended their length for repayment
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- The Nazis blame the Communists
- At Hitler’s behest, Hindenburg limits freedom of speech, assembly, and other liberties right before the election then
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- It gives Hitler and his cabinet full dictatorial authority for a period of four years
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- Hitler purged dissident Nazis and other opponents
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- It redefines who Jewish people are: anyone with at least one Jewish grandparent, as opposed to the historical matrilinealism
- Now there were 2.5 million Jews instead of 600k, and they were all deprived of rights as citizens and banned from marrying non-Jews
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Allowed for the immediate annexation of the Sudetenland
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Annexation of Austria
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Formal military alliance
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Allows for the partition of Poland
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They promised to sell, lend, or lease any supplies that Roosevelt deemed necessary in exchange the US took almost all of Britain’s gold reserves, and foreign investments, and restricted trade
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Japan joins the Pact of Steel.
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This is done in response to the British fleet's failure in defense of Norway
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