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Same as “Toumai” (F)
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a) between 7 and 6 million years ago
b) Northern Chad
c) no more than 4 feet
d) Toumai was the discovery that identified Sahelanthropus tchadensis
e) Walking upright may have helped this species survive in diverse habitats, including forests and grasslands
f) simple tools such as unmodified stones -
a) 6.1 to 5.7 million years ago
b) Kenya
c) 1.1-1.2 m tall, 35-50 kg
d) They found more than a dozen early human fossils dating between about 6.2 million and 6.0 million years old.
e) approximately the size of a chimpanzee and had small teeth with thick enamel, similar to modern humans
f) twigs, sticks -
Same as "Ardi" (F)
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a) between 5.8 million and 4.4 million years ago
b) Ethiopia
c) 3'9, 110 lb, 300 to 350 cc
d) the remains themselves were significant
e) This species was a facultative biped and stood upright on the ground but could move on all four limbs in trees. Features of the anatomy are extremely primitive.
f) simple tools, such as sticks -
a) 3.9–2.9 million years ago
b) Pliocene of East Africa
c) 1 m to 1.06 m, 25 kilo, 375 to 550 cc
d) Its story began to take shape in late November 1974 in Ethiopia, with the discovery of the skeleton of a small female, nicknamed Lucy.
e) Their adaptations for living both in the trees and on the ground helped them survive for almost a million years as climate and environments changed.
f) No tools have yet been directly associated -
a) 3.6 million years ago
b) Laetoli, Tanzania
c) n/a (Australopithecus afarensis)
d) preserved in volcanic ash
e) The Laetoli Footprints" provided convincing evidence for the theory of bipedalism in Pliocene hominins and received significant recognition by scientists and the public
f) ^^Bipedalism meant use of tools -
a) 3.2 million years
b) Hadar, Ethiopia
c) 1 m to 1.06 m, 28 kg, 375 to 500 cc
d) the remains themselves were significant
e) 'Lucy' would have lived in a group culture, which would have required communication, perhaps verbal and certainly non-verbal, such as facial expressions.
f) stone tools -
a) 3.3 million years
b) Dikika, Ethiopia
c) n/a
d) the remains themselves were significant
e) The extremely large hands of the species suggest a lifestyle that included significant climbing and other activities among the trees.
f) habitual tool manufacture -
a) 3.67 to 2 million years ago
b) Middle Pliocene to Early Pleistocene of South Africa
c) 4'6, 90 lb, about 375 to 550 cc
d) Australopithecus africanus was the first fossil hominin discovered in Africa
e) The extremely large hands of the species suggest a lifestyle that included significant climbing and other activities among the trees
f) habitual tool manufacture -
a) ~2.8 mya; 3.3 years when deceased
b) Taung, South Africa
c) 3'5, 20-24 lb, 450 cc
d) the remains themselves were significant
e) climbing and other activities among the trees
f) habitual tool manufacture -
a) 2.5 million years old
b) South Africa
c) 4'6
d) the remains themselves were significant
e and f) same as tuang child -
a) 2.3–1.65 million years ago
b) Early Pleistocene of East and South Africa
c) 3'5, 610 cc
d) The discovery of Homo habilis began in 1959 when two teeth were unearthed at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania by a team led by Louis and Mary Leakey.
e) Homo habilis lived in a predominantly grassland environment. The climate was becoming cooler and drier, this may have been the impetus for new feeding strategies including scavenging and tool use.
f) core tools, choppers, and smaller flakes used as scrapers -
a) 2.6 million years BP – 1.7 million years BP
b) Afro-Eurasia
c) n/a
d) In 1999 and 2002, two Homo erectus skulls (H. georgicus) were discovered at Dmanisi in southern Georgia.
e) Oldowan tools were used during the Lower Paleolithic period
f) a widespread stone tool archaeological industry (style) -
a) 1.76–0.13 Mya
b) Africa, Europe, Asia
c) n/a
d) remains of tools
e)The Homo erectus and the related types of early humans, as well as early Homo sapiens of the Acheulean culture, lived in primitive communities in caves and in the open.
f) characterized by distinctive oval and pear-shaped "hand-axes" -
a) 2.5–2.3 million years ago
b) Northern Malawi
c) could not find
d) UR-501 jawbone
e) could not find
f) stone age style -
a) about 2 million years ago
b) Early Pleistocene of East Africa
c) 5'3, 130, 750 cc
d) In 1986, a Russian anthropologist gave the skull the species name Pithecanthropus rudolfensis.
e) Although no associated archaeological evidence was found with any Homo rudolfensis remains, they were living at a time when it is known that human ancestors were making tools. ...
f) The tool makers may have been early populations of Homo habilis or they may have been made by another species. -
a) 335,000–236,000 years ago
b) South Africa
c) 4'9, 88 lb, 465-560 cc
d) The discovery of hundreds of Homo Naledi fossils was the largest such find ever made on the African continent.
e) The discovery of a second cave adds to the evidence that primitive Naledi may have performed a surprisingly modern behavior: burying the dead.
f) stone age tools -
a) about 2 million years ago
b) Africa
c) 4.8 – 6.1 ft, 1,000 cc
d) Turkana Boy and Java Man
e) adaptability and evolutionary flexibility
f) stone age-choppers, cleavers, and hammers -
a) lived 1.5 to 1.6 million years ago
b) Lake Turkana, Kenya
c) 5'3, 106, 880 cc
d) the remains themselves were significant
e) Homo erectus were true pioneers in developing human culture and in expanding their geographic range beyond Africa to populate tropical and subtropical zones elsewhere in the Old World.
f) hoppers, cleavers, and hammers -
a) 700,000 and 1,000,000 years old
b) island of java
c) 4.8 – 6.1 ft.
d) the remains themselves were significant
e) arrived in Eurasia approximately 1.8 million years ago, in an event considered to be the first African exodus
f) stone age style tools -
a) around 400,000 years ago
b) Zhoukoudian Cave
c) 4'11, 118, 850 to 1,225 cc
d) the remains themselves were significant
e) Inhabited caves and hunted game
f) Choppers, cleavers, and hammers as well as flakes used as knives and scrapers -
a) 700,000 to 200,000 years ago
b) Europe; possibly Asia (China); Africa (eastern and southern)
c) 5'2-5'9, 112-136, 1280 cc
d) Homo heidelbergensis remains were found in Mauer near Heidelberg, Germany, and then later in Arago, France, and Petralona, Greece.
e) By about 300,000 years ago, regional differences began to develop as they adapted to the new environments.
f) Mostly used for hunting and butchery. -
a) 400,000 - 40,000 years ago
b) Europe and southwestern to central Asia
c) 5'1-5'5, 119-143, 1500 cc
d) Neanderthal 1 was the first specimen to be recognized as an early human fossil.
e) Neanderthal culture remained relatively static whereas the contemporary Homo sapiens were steadily evolving a complex culture.
f) Scrapers for tanning hides, awls for punching holes in hides to make loose-fitting clothes, and burins for cutting into wood and bone -
a) 500,000-30,000 years ago
b) Siberia
c) 3-4 feet tall, brain volume of approximately 1800 cc
d)The only physical evidence of Denisovan existence has been a finger bone and some other fragments found in a cave in Siberia and, more recently, a piece of jaw found in the Tibetan Plateau.
e) Evidence of interbreeding
f) Stone Age style tools
