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Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam independent.
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LBJ narrowly wins a senate seat beginning his lengthy political career.
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The Vietminh was designed to rid Vietnam of foreign rule, they overran the French at Dien Bien Phu. The Geneva Accords divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel, the communists get the north.
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This Supreme Court case strikes down school segregation.
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Desegregation at "all deliberate speed"
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Lead by MLK this association organized one of the most successful bus boycotts to desegregate busses. Created following the Rosa Parks incident.
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In a fight for containment the United States were involved in prohibiting the expansion of communism in Vietnam. The Domino effect determined that if a few countries begin to turn communism more countries will fall to communism easier.
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NAACP Officer Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat on a Montgomery bus, she sparked the movement for the desegregation of public busses.
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Called for to unify the country.
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Ngo Dinh Diem, the anti-communist leader refuses to accept the election and soon he becomes corrupt and uses the US aid for personal uses instead of his countries own good. The Vietcong are founded in the South (opposition) and kills government officials.
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Bus boycotts, carpools, lawsuits were some of the tactics African Americans used to end bus segregation.
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This act is passed, largely in part to LBJ. Uses "LBJ treatment". Federal government power over schools and voting protection for African Americans.
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Fidel Castro leads Cuban revolution, begins to turn country communist.
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Kennedy wins the majority of the black vote by taking a stand on the arrest of Martin Luther King Junior.
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Following Kennedy's close victory, the Camelot Years came, these are known for their glamour, culture, and wit. The young Kennedy's had constant articles written about their admired family, further this admired family would be prominent for years to come.
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Almost 900,000 Puerto Ricans settle in the United States, mostly in NYC. `
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Students who believe King's "soul force" is too slow paced join this group and begin using violence
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Sit in tactics used by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) have been occurring throughout 1960 and by the end of the year they have made significant progress.
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Most Blacks that live in cities live in slums, black unemployment rate twice as high as white rate. Whites leave cities as blacks move in, violence and rage from African Americans and Blacks begin to erupt.
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The Presidential Election of 1960 features the first televised debates. The first of these occurred on September 26th, 1960. In the debate between Kennedy and Nixon, Kennedy was coached by TV producers and stood out in his blue suit on the gray background. However Nixon's gray suit made him appear to blend in to the wall and exemplified his discomforts. Kennedy's preparation influenced the result in this close election and changed the course of our country.
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Foreign Policy:
Flexible Response - we need more than just nukes, increases both nuclear and conventional arsenal Domestic Policy:
New Frontier - deficit spending to stimulate economic growth, increased defense spending and funding space programs -
Extra effort to hire, enroll discriminated groups.
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Soviets launch cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin to space.
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The Bay of Pigs Invasion occurs due to the fact that Cuban leader Fidel Castro declared himself communist. The CIA and Cuban exiles launch a secret attack to overthrow their communist leader. The plans go wrong however and exile forces are killed and taken prisoner. JFK is forced to pay ransom and the mission is a massive public embarrassment. The invasion lasts till the 19th.
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Freedom Riders from around the nation used bus sit ins to keep an end to bus segregation. This resulted in a wave of violence from whites and those who opposed racial equality but eventually lead to success in the courts.
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No description.
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The Berlin Crisis lasted from June to November in 1961 and resulted in the building of the Berlin Wall. By 1961, 20% of German's had left East Berlin forWest Berlin. This resulted in an economic drain on Soviet controlled West Berlin. The Soviets split Berlin with the Berlin Wall that was started on August 13th to stop people from crossing to Allied territory.
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Youth Movement demanding sweeping changes in the 1960's.
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No description.
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Michael Harrington's book The Other America brings attention to poverty. Later in 1963, JFK begins addressing issues such as this along with racial injustice and civil rights.
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The United Farm Workers Organizing Committee is formed by Cesar Chavez.
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Governor Ross Barnett refuses to let James Meredith enroll because of his race, is overruled by courts
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Exposes dangers of pesticides.
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The Cuban Missile Crisis lasted thirteen days and was the sending of missiles including nuclear ones from the USSR to Cuba. When JFK discovered that this was occurring he warned that a missile attack will result in the US waging war against the USSR. An attack was narrowly avoided and the Soviets and the US reached an agreement on October 28th. However, Nikita Khrushchev's and JFK's reputations were severely criticized. Furthermore, Castro banned flights to and from Miami.
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) have child marchers, protests, and economic boycott to end segregation. Many children and others are killed.
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This novel emphasizes woman dissatisfaction and was published by Betty Friedan, this bestseller helped inspire many woman around the country.
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Jury let murders go free, huge uproar by protesters
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MLK writes letter claiming that those who say we must wait for racism to end, really mean it will never end, and that those fighting for desegregation should do so nonviolently.
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Over 250,000 people converge to Washington D.C. to listen to speakers discuss the fight for racial equality. The day ended with Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream Speech" were he demands for a world for his children to live in where one's value is not determined by the color of their skin, or the gender, or any other prejudice.
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In Dallas Texas, JFK is shot while riding a motorcade. The assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is convicted however while in prison he is shot by Jack Ruby. In the end of this tragic affair, Vice President Lyndon Johnson succeeds JFK.
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Succeeds Kennedy as vice president, people question if he has power to do so.
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Gives LBJ broad military powers
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LBJ's domestic policy to end poverty and discrimination. LBJ takes funding away at end to spend on Vietnam War.
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Education, training, small business loans.
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CORE & SNCC project to register blacks to vote in Mississippi. Many volunteers were victims to violence
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Prohibits discrimination with enforcement. Outlaws discrimination on race, religion and gender in public places.
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Goldwater was a hawk, wanted to use nukes in Vietnam. LBJ scares Americans of what a hawk might do. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDTBnsqxZ3k)
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No description.
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Eight Americans are killed and LBJ orders sustained bombing of the North. US combat troops are also sent to battle the Vietcong.
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Rallies and Marches draw tens of thousands.
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Didn't become law till 1977, requires states to clean up rivers.
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Malcolm X was a muslim black rights activist who pleaded blacks to separate from whites and form a separate society.
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Voting rights demonstrators killed in Selma, Alabama. MLK leads 600 people, TV shows police violently stopping them. Becomes known as "Bloody Sunday". Second march has 25,000 protestors join.
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Medicare- low-cost medical, hospital insurance for elderly
Medicaid- health insurance for welfare recipients. -
Bans literacy tests, allows federal officials to enroll voters. Ends up increasing black voter enrollment.
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Creates cheaper public housing for low-, moderate- income homes.
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Stokely Carmichael became chairman of the SNCC and had largely lost faith in MLK's nonviolence method.
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The NOW is founded, this organization pressed for day-care centers and greater enforcement by the EEOC (Equal Employment
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Win popular support by providing social services in ghettos.
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500,000 U.S troops have been sent to Vietnam.
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Over 3 million refugees.
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Majority of Americans support the war, consider protestors disloyal. Hawks=Pro, Doves=Anti.
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Villagers go to cities to support the Vietnamese New Year (Tet). Vietcong attach over 100 towns, 12 US air bases. The offensive lasts a month before the Vietnam regain control. After Tet, the doves and hawks began to become equal numbers.
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Richard Nixon finally wins the republican nomination. Elected President.
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The act helps to fund bilingual and cultural programs.
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No description.
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The American Indian Movement was founded to address issues related to sovereignty, leadership, and treaties. Further, it protested the rights and racism against native Americans, specifically in its early years.
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This was established by LBJ to oversee the rise of federal programs to benefit the American Indian population.
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James Earl Ray, the suspected murderer, pleads guilty to avoid receiving the death penalty even though he says he is innocent and receives life in prison. His death rocks over 100 cities and results in major demonstrations in over 100 college campuses.
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Prohibits discrimination in housing.
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King objects violence being used by blacks, he says in his speech that he doesn't have a lot of time left to lead the Civil Rights movement.
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Random draft lottery initiated to reduce draft dodging/ bias.
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Kennedy's dream of within a decade comes true and Louis Armstrong is the first man on the Moon.
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This concert gathered many of the most popular bands and over 400,000 people attend.
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The Invasion of Cambodia clears out Vietcong supply stations.
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Co-founder Dolores Huerta negotiates a contract.
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La Ruza Unida is founded, it is a Latino political movement that wins local political races.
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By 1971 Doves make up 60% of the population.
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The US bomb cities and the war continues.
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AIM leads a march in DC to protest treaty violations and seek restoration of land. As a further protest they occupy the Bureau of Indian Affairs and destroy property.
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Congress passes the ERA.
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Kissinger signs peace agreement.
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President must inform congress within 48 hours of deploying troops and have a 90 day maximum development without Congressional approval.
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The New Right is formed by conservatives who build a "pro-family" movement. Focused on social, cultural, and moral problems. It slowly builds grassroots support.
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No description.
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This Supreme Court case ruled that women have the right to have an abortion in their first trimester.
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In this event the Sioux take back wounded knee from the US government and have a violent confrontation with FBI.
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This concludes the Vietnam War.
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Women hold 13.5% elected state offices and 24 seats in congress.