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The establishment of the Xiongnu empire in Mongolia in the 3rd century BCE marks the beginning of statehood on the territory of Mongolia.
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Rouran (Mongolian: Нирун, Nirun; Chinese: 柔然; pinyin: Róurán; literally "soft-like"; Wade-Giles: Jou-jan), Ruanruan/Ruru (Chinese: 蠕蠕/茹茹; pinyin: Ruǎnruǎn/Rúrú; Wade–Giles: Juan-Juan/Ju-Ju; literally "wriggling insects/fodder")), Tan Tan[1] (Chinese: 檀檀; pinyin: Tántán), or Zhu-Zhu[citation needed] was the name of a confederation of nomadic tribes on the northern borders of Inner China from the late 4th century until the middle 6th century.
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The Xianbei gained strength beginning from the 1st century CE and were consolidated into a state under Tanshihuai in 147.
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A branch of the Xianbei, the Rouran (also known as Nirun) were consolidated under Mugulyu.
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The Altai Turkics (Orkhon Turkics, Göktürks), whose language belonged to the Oguz subgroup of the Turkic languages, were subjects to the Nirun and served as blacksmiths for them
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The civil war left the empire divided into eastern and western parts. The eastern part, still ruled from Ötüken, remained in the orbit of the Sui Empire and retained the name Göktürk.
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The Uyghurs, who were subjects to the Göktürks, revolted in 745 and founded the Uyghur Khaganate which replaced the Eastern Turkic Khaganate.
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The Khitans were an ethnic group whose language belonged to the Mongolic group. Its ruler Ambagyan founded the Khitan Liao Dynasty in 907.
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An Ihe Kurultai Congress of nobility of 1228 enthroned Ogedei, who had been nominated by Genghis Khan. Ogedei Khan made Karakorum on the river Orkhon the capital of the Mongol Empire.
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The Golden Horde (Altyn Orda) was founded by Batu, son of Jochi, in 1243. The Golden Horde included Volga region, mountains of Ural, the steppes of the northern Black Sea, Fore-Caucasus, Western Siberia, Aral Sea and Irtysh bassin, and held principalities of Rus in tributary relations.
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The Ilkhanate, also known as the Hulagu Ulus, formed in 1256 and comprised Iran, Iraq, Transcaucasus, eastern Asia Minor and Western Turkistan
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The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) by Kubilai Khaan accelerated fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. The Mongol Empire fractured into the Yuan Dynasty, the Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate and Ilkhanate, although later Yuan emperors were seen as the nominal suzerains of the western khanates.
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The transition of the captial of the Mongol Empire to Dadu (modern-day Beijing) by Kublai Khaan in 1264 was opposed by many Mongols.
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The Mongol Empire and the states that emerged from it played a major role in the history of the 13th and 14th centuries. Genghis Khan and his immediate successors conquered nearly all of Asia and European Russia and sent armies as far as central Europe and Southeast Asia.
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By 1368 the Mongols who established the Yuan Dynasty a century ago had been expelled from China to Mongolia. The Mongol regime after this time until the 17th century is often referred to as the Northern Yuan Dynasty, or the Forty and the Four (Дөчин дөрвөн хоёр), meaning the forty Tumens of the Mongols and the four Tumens of the Oirats.
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Hutuhtai Secen Hongtaiji of Ordos and his two brothers invaded Tibet in 1566. He sent an ultimatum to some of the ruling clergy of Tibet stating: "If you surrender, we'll develop the Dharma with you. If you don't surrender, we'll conquer you."
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The second half of the 15th and the 16th centuries saw the revival and flourishing of the Mongolian culture. This period is characterised by development of architecture, fine arts including silk applique, thangka, martang and nagtang painting and sculpture.
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By the end of the 17th century, the power of the all-Mongolian Khaan had greatly weakened and the decentralized Mongols had to face the rising new Jurchen statehood on the east.
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After seizing control of Mongolia, the Qing government grouped Khalkha khoshuns into 4 aimags: Tusiyetu Khan aimag, Zasaghtu Khan aimag, Secen Khan aimag and Sain Noyan Khan aimag.
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The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) by Kubilai Khaan accelerated fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. The Mongol Empire fractured into the Yuan Dynasty, the Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate and Ilkhanate, although later Yuan emperors were seen as the nominal suzerains of the western khanates.
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The Uyghur Khaganate, or, Uyghur Empire or Uighur Khaganate or Toquz Oghuz Country (Mongolian: Уйгурын хаант улс, Tang era names, with modern Hanyu Pinyin: traditional Chinese: 回鶻; simplified Chinese: 回鹘; pinyin: Huíhú or traditional Chinese: 回紇; simplified Chinese: 回纥; pinyin: Huíhé) was a Turkic empire[2] that existed for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries.
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The Liao Dynasty (simplified Chinese: 辽朝; traditional Chinese: 遼朝; pinyin: Liáo Cháo; Khitan language: Mos Jælud),[2] also known as the Khitan Empire (simplified Chinese: 契丹国; traditional Chinese: 契丹國; pinyin: Qìdān Guó; Khitan: Mos diau-d kitai huldʒi gur),[3] was an empire in East Asia that ruled over Mongolia and portions of the Russian Far East and northern China proper from 907 to 1125.
