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Racial segregation of schools negatively impacted the education of black students and was determined to be a violation if the 14th Amendment - As a result of this case the Equal Protection Doctrine was developed
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Outlawed discrimination on the basis on race, sex, religion, color, or national origin - Challenged the idea of "separate but equal" - A catalyst in the field of special education law as this act helped to ensure that students with special needs were no longer excluded or denied a free appropriate public education
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Also known as ESEA - Provided federal money to states to improve educational opportunities for disadvantaged children - Title VI of ESEA added funding grants
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Students with mental retardation were not receiving public education because of their disability - Violation of the 14th Amendment - All children with mental retardation must be provided free public education
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Students were denied or excluded from public education because of a variety of disabilities because the board claimed it was impossible to fund the education of these students with special needs - Board must provide all children with publicly supported education
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Replaced Title VI of ESEA (1965) - Consolidated and expanded federal grant programs and continued to fund pilot programs at state and local levels - This act was crucial to special education law as it was the first freestanding special education law, mandated special education, and required education and services for student progress
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On November 29th signed into law by President Ford - Special education students were excluded or did not receive appropriate education - This Act ensure students with special needs receive free appropriate public education and individualized education plans
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Pennsylvania Department of Education refused to provide or fund special education services exceeding 180 days per year - Violation of PL 94-142 (1975) - Extended School Year for students with special needs to continue receiving education and services needed
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Black children wrongly placed in special education - IQ tests would be used henceforth to determine EMR and prevent students from being wrongly placed in special education
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A student with special needs was denied a sign language interpreter for all her classes on the basis that she was making progress without this services previously - This case helped define what is considered to be "appropriate" under Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
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Violation of 504 because the district would not provide student with medical services needed during school hours - Students can not be denied FAPE due to specific medical needs
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School was not equipped to handle the special needs of a student and agreed that his appropriate placement involved moving him to a new school - Parents can be reimbursed for private school tuition paid after disagreeing with IEP
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School refused to place a student with special needs in a classroom with typical peers - Students with disabilities have the right to be included in general education setting (inclusion)
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Prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life including jobs, schools, transportation, and public places - Ensures equal rights of those with disabilities
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Traumatic Brain Injury and Autism were added as new disability categories and individual transition plans required to be added to IEP for transition to post-secondary life
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Student was not recommended for regular education placement based on behaviors the district felt prohibited him from participating in the regular education setting - The conclusion of this case advocated for mainstreaming with appropriate supplemental supports and services
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Student with special needs denied full time regular education placement - Students who benefit from regular education should be mainstreamed in regular education placement with supplemental services
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Student with special needs denied FAPE and supplemental services needed to be successful in regular education - Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) requires IEP team to take special consideration into integrating students in regular education - As a result of this case new IEP forms were developed
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Added new IEP components and new disciplinary provisions, required states to offer mediation to parents prior to due process
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School refused to provide nursing services for student with special needs during school - Under IDEA the school board is responsible for services - This case cited Irving Independent School District vs Tatro (1984)
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Signed into law by President Bush on January 8th, 2002 - Reauthorization of ESEA making schools accountable for producing measurable progress in student reading and mathematics in public schools - Students with disabilities were included in NCLB
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Reorganized IDEA - Defined what it means to be a "highly qualified" special education teacher, prohibited discrepancy when determining if a student is eligible to be considered learning disabled, encouraged response to intervention - Response To Intervention (RTI) used to positively motivate and redirect students both academically and behaviorally
