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The Royal Institute for Blind Youth was opened in 1784 and later renamed as the National Institute for the Working Blind in 1794. It was led by three successive directors, Sébastien Guillié, François-René,Pierre-Armand Dufau. Each director were highly recognized for their attributions towards the institution. -
A deaf instructor from Paris named Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc, was the first to establish an institution to aid specific children with disabilities. His institution was called the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb in Hartford. -
On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court Justice ruled in favor towards Brown in the Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. A state-sanctioned was declared that segregation in public schools were a violation according to the 14th Amendment. This created many changes in the school system to uprise such as the Least Restrictive Education.
Brown vs Board of Education -
Even after the ruling for the Brown vs Board of Education case in May of 1954; it still took awhile for schools to desegregate. Two years after the case, Miami-Dade County schools finally took initiative and began to integrate. Orchard Villa Elementary School was the first school desegregate in 1959. This movement was all due to civil rights activist and parent M. Athalie Range. -
The Elementary and Secondary Education School Act (ESEA) was created to aid benefits to those children struggling in homes with low-income, disabilities, learning difficulties, and communication barriers. Free or reduced lunch was provided to those that were eligible. This would also combat racial segregation in schools.
Learning Disabilities Association of America -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Public Law 94-142), also known as the EHA, was established to provide equal rights for those with disabilities in public schools. Before this law was established, individuals were denied access due to their disabilities. Therefore, this law supported all the states in help protect the rights of and need of to help improve results for infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities and their families. -
This is the same law signed by President Gerald Ford on November 11th, 1975 formally known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, (Public Law 94-142). It was later revised and reauthorize to ensure better equality within its programs. It valued six core principles that would help children with disabilities receive access to equality in educational opportunities, independent living, economic self-sufficiency, and full participation. -
IDEA was reauthorized by Congress in 2004 as Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA). IDEA led to a misconception for teachers to misidentify African-American students as having disabilities. This also aligned with the No Child Left Behind Law. With this law, schools were now required to report back the child's progress on standardized testing and how to improve on areas they were struggling on. -
The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) law was signed into law in 2015 as a replacement for the No Child Left Behind Law. This law laid out the expectations and possible outcomes for the parents, teachers, and professionals to see. Every State is required to provide performances in math, reading, and science.
ESSA -
This case is about a young boy known as D.R. to protect his identity who was denied the inclusive placement. The family wanted their child to be placed in a regular classroom because they believed he would succeed more in his education whereas they felt like he was being held back due to his IEP goals.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT