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History of Special Education and Inclusive Education
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Brown v. Board of Education
This supreme court case ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, with a unanimous ruling in favor of the matter that segregation violates the Fourteenth Amendment. Thanks to this decree created an opportunity for equal education and the land law. Brown v. Board of Education made equal opportunity in public schools and was a catalyst to the civil rights movement. It initiated advances in desegregating housing, public accommodations, and higher education institutions. -
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Elementary & Secondary Education Act
The Elementary and Secondary Education act emphasized equal access to education and set high academic standards and responsibilities. This act aims to create initiatives for low-income families and children who need support to benefit from public school education. The funds come from federal funding. This federal funding is used for textbooks, special education centers, and scholarships for low-income college students. -
Mills v Board of Education
This case ruled that students with disabilities must be given a public education. This case established that "all children are entitled to free public education and training appropriate to their learning capacities." It also specified that even if the students are unable to pay for the cost of the education, they have the right to public education and equality. No child can be denied an education because of their "mental, behavioral, physical, or emotional handicaps or deficiencies. -
Education for all Handicapped Children Act
This federal law requires public schools to provide appropriate educational services for all children with disabilities between ages 3 and 21. It also requires free and proper education for students with disabilities along with IEPs and the least restrictive environments. This law established a core grant program for state and local educational agencies. All states receiving federal education funding must provide adequate accommodations and support to students with disabilities. -
Hudson Central School v Rowley
Amy Rowley was a deaf student whose school refused to provide a sign language interpreter. This court case clarified parts of the Education of the Handicapped Act. EHA renamed it to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 1990. It was amended because the Education for All Handicapped Children Act did not require that special teaching and support services be provided by state governments to students with disabilities to help them achieve their full potential as learners. -
Honig V Doe
This court case is about a California school board that had violated the Education for All Handicapped Children Act. A student was suspended for violent and disruptive behavior that was related to his disability. This court case established that the state must provide services directly to students with disabilities when local school boards fail to do so. It also set help to delineate the appropriate role of educators in the suspension and expulsion of students who have disabilities. -
No Child Left Behind Act
The major component of the No Child Left Behind Act is to provide all children with a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education. The reason this act was developed was because many schools didn't focus on the progress of disadvantaged students. Students who got special education services were often shut out of general education. The goal of NCLB is to provide more education opportunities for students. -
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Winkelman versus Parma City School District
This case permits parents to bring a claim in court, either on their own behalf or as representatives of their child. Jeff and Sandee Winkelman argued that Parma City School District failed to provide their disabled son Jacob with a "free appropriate public education." This is as mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. The court ruled that parents have independent rights under IDEA, and they are entitled to prosecute IDEA claims on their behalf.
