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Scientific Management Theory
The scientific management theory was the study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency. This resulted in job specialization. Each worked was worker was organized into a division of labor which increased efficiency. (Jones:George, p39) -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie revolutionized the steel industry in the United States by being the first in the US to create the low cost Bessemer steelmaking plant as well as converting the iron ore into finished products reducing the price of ore from $135 a ton to $12 a ton. (Jones:George, p43-44) -
The Assembly Line
Fords assembly line increased production from 15 cars a day to one every 10 seconds. Workers were paid 5 dollars a day versus the earlier 15 cents per day. Today, while manufacturers tinker with the assembly line, using robot welders, worker teams, even giving some workers the ability to shut down a line, the basic concepts pioneered by Mr. Ford remain a foundation of American manufacturing. Eisenstein, Paul AView Profile. The Christian Science Monitor -
Fordism
The high turnover rates in Henry Fords plants lead to him taking ideas from Scientific Management such as shortening the work day and doubling the wages. Ford developed the "Social Department" which included following workers outside of the work place. This would be very unethical today. (Jones:George, p41-42) -
Fayols Principles
Henri Fayol came up with the 14 principles that he believed was important to increasing efficiency throughout the management process. The 14 Principles included division of labor, authority and responsibility, unity of command, line of authority, centralization,unity of direction, equity, order, initiatice, discipline, remuneration of personnel, stability of tenure of personnel, subordination to the common interest,Esprit de corps. (Jones:George. p45) -
The Gilberths
Husband and wife Frank and Lillian Gilbreth refined the study of Scientific Management. The Gilbreths made many advances in time-and-motion study and also studied fatigue and other physical characteristics of the workplace. They reorganized each component of work in order to preform more efficiently-at less cost in time effort. (Jones:George, p42) -
Human Relations Movement
This was a result of the Hawthorne Studies. Its the idea that supervisors be behaviorally trained to manage in ways to elicit cooperation and imcrease productivity, (Jpnes:George, p52) -
Bureaucratic Theory
The idea of bureaucracy is to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. Bureaucracy states that managers must have well defined roles and opperating procedures in order to do so. Arrangement of order by job positions allows people to know who to report to. A bureaucracy rewards employees fairly and equally. (Jones:George, p45-46) -
Hawthorne Studies
the hawthorne studies were conducted from 1924 to 1932 at the Western Electrical Company. The goal of the study was to improve the setting of the workplace through changes in job specialization, equipment andtools used, and even the lighting in the building. (George:Jones, p51) -
Fair Labor Standards Act
The Fair Labor Standards Act improved the quality of work as it sets a federal minimum wage, ensures overtime pay, and sets a legal working age for the safety of the worker. (Jones:George, p534) -
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
The Heirarchy of Needs is important for the motivation of employees and for managers to know what needs employees are looking to satisfy to make sure individuals reach outcomes that satisfy their needs so they are motivated in the workplace. (Jones:George, p413) -
Organization Development
This theory relates to how the managers control the organizations relationships with its external environment. Building strong relationships allow them to be able to acquire and utilize scarce resources. (Jones:George, p56) -
Theory X
Theory x states that the average worker is lazy and should be supervised to ensure they work hard. It also states that management should build a reward and punishment system to have employee control. (Jones:George, p53) -
Contingency Theory
The Contingency Theory states that managers of an organization choose control systems based on charactoristics in the external enviornment in which they opperate. (Jones:George, p57) -
Theory Y
States that workers aren’t lazy and given a chance they will do what’s good for the organization. Managers must build an environment where employees can self-control and give support so employees can reach organizational goals. (Jones, George, p54) -
Civil Rights Act
The Civil Rights Act was an effort to put an end on segregation in the workplace by making it illegal to discriminate based on sex, color, race, religion, or national origin. (Juilet R. Aiken, 2013) -
Occupational Safety and Health Act
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHAct) declared that every worker is entitled to safe and healthful working conditions, and that employers are responsible for work being free from all recognized hazards. Silverstein, Michael, MD, MPH. American Journal of Public Health98.3 (Mar 2008): 416-23. -
Peters and Waterman
Tom Peters and Robert Waterman identified 62 of the top preforming companies in the United States. They discovered that this succes came from risk taking, have a central plan, and organize work in a way that motivates employees to put the common interest in front of their own interests. (Jones:George, p55) -
Supply Chain Management
Supply Chain Management is the effort of multiple organizations within a supply chain coming together to produce a quality final product. Supply chains have existed for a long time but most organizations only focused on what was going on within the walls of their organization rather than looking at the bigger picture of the whole process. The management of the supply chain allows for a competitive advantage to be achieved and maximizes customer value.(NC State University, 2013) -
SWOT Analysis
Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats or SWOT analysis, and to assess how the methodology has been used as well as changes to the methodology. SWOT analysis as a tool for planning purposes. Over the past decade, SWOT research has focused on analyzing organizations for recommended strategic actions.
Helms, Marilyn MView Profile; Nixon, Judy. Journal of Strategy and Management3.3 (2010): 215-251.