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School museums
The first school museum opened in St. Louis. These museums provided students opportunity to learn in a more visual way.
School museums gave students opportunities to learn through different media. -
Instructional Film
The motion picture was one of the first media devices used in schools, and the first catalog of instructional films was released in 1910 The first catalog of instructional films was published in the U.S and Rochester, NY was the first place to adopt them for instructional use. -
Instructional Radio
Increased use of radio led to interest in other instructional technologies
Interest grew in instructional media with increased use of radio broadcasting. Instructional radio useage was growing during this time -
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Early Computers
Integrated into learning (drill and skill)
Computers began to be used for instruction at an early date, but they were not in widespread use until the 1980s.
By the end of the 1970s CAI had very little impact on education
By 1998 there was atleast one computer for every six students -
Behavioral Objectives
In 1934, Ralph Tyler became the father of the behavioral objectives movement.
Ralph Tyler wrote, "Each objective must be defined in terms which clarify the kind of behavior which the course should help to develop"
Ralph Tyler developed the idea of behavioral objectives that specify specific outcomes to the instructional design What student is expected to do (created by student) -
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WW2
Increased need for rapid training of troops. New training techniques created.
Use of audiovisual devices increased in the military and in industry when the war started. -
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Media Research
Following WWII, much research was conducted on the ways to most effectively use media in instruction
Post WWII media research was being conducted -
Television
TV used to display media
Beginning in the 1950s, the interest in television increased for instruction -
Instructional Television
TV used to display shorter messages usually in schools.
An important advance in audiovisual media in the 1950s was the television.
Although used before, in the 1950's instructional television became an extremely popular tool for instructional use and saw huge growth from previous years. -
Program instruction
The programmed instruction movement was important in the development of the systems approach
From the 1950's-60's the progammed instruction movement was a key factor in the development of the systems approach. -
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
Fundamental questions in educational system
A way of distinguishing the fundamental questions within the education system -
Sputnik
First out of earth satellite launched by Soviet Union -
Criterion-referenced testing
Intended to measure how well an individual can perform a behavior
Teacher created test translates scores into behaviors
In the early 1960s, criterion referenced testing emerged -
instructional design model
In the early and mid 1960s, all of the concepts that were being developed regarding instruction began to be formed into coherent models and processes
Concepts were being developed in the 1960's for designing instructional materials. ex: ADDIE model -
Conditions of Learning
In 1965, Robert Gagne published his book "The Conditions of Learning" describing different theories of learning and instruction. Robert Gagne's The Conditions of Learning book was an important event in the history of instructional design.
Mental conditions involved with learning -
Events of Instruction
In the same edition, Gagne also published the events of instruction
Gagne's nine events of instruction are what he considers essential for promoting any type of learning outcome. In his book, Gagne describes 9 different events that he believed ought to occur during instruction. -
Formative evaluation
Michael Scriven pointed out a need to try out drafts of instructional materials with learners prior to the time the materials were in their final form. His trial and error or revision process is named formative evaluation.
evaluations done before implementation -
Summative evaluation
Focus on the outcome
While formative evaluation is done during the design process, summative evaluation looks at the finished product and asks if it is effective. The testing of instructional materials after they are in their final form. -
Cognitive psychology
During the 1980s the was an increase of interest in Cognitive Psychology
Interest in cognitive psychology significantly increased in the 1980's. Study of the mind and mental processes -
Constructivism
Constructivism is a collection of similar views of learning and instruction that gained increasing popularity throughout the decade. During the 1990s, a constructivist mindset began to influence instructional design. -
Internet www. Http://
Since 1995, interest has continued to grow in how to most effectively use the internet and other computer technologies for purposes of instruction.
1995 also sparked the boom of major advances in Internet use and digital technology. -
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