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It was determined by a physician who performed an autopsy, that Julius was stabbed 23 times but only one was what killed him.
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A law was created by Germanic and Slavic societies that only medical experts can determine the cause of death if a crime is present.
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Fingerprinting had become a new method of determining an individual's identity.
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A Chinese manual called Hsi Duan Yu (the washing away of wrongs) was published. It was the first known record of a science book containing medical knowledge that was used to solve a case.
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Francois Demelle published a book systematic document examination.
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Marcello Malpighi noted the characteristics in fingerprints. However, it wasn't acknowledged that the use of DNA fingerprinting could be used as a method of identification.
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John Toms was convicted of murder. A piece of a newspaper found in the murder weapon (pistol) matched a piece in his pocket. This was the first known type of physical evidence.
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Valentin Ross, a German chemist, was able to detect arsenic in a victim's stomach due to his new method.
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Mathiew Orfila, the father of toxicology, was the first to study blood and semen stains under a microscope.
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The polarizing light microscope was invented by William Nichol.
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Henry Goddard used bullet comparison to determine who the murderer was. The murderer was caught because of a visible flaw found on the bullet itself.
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Ludwig Teichmann used hemin crystals to test for hemoglobin. It was the first microscopic crystal test.
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San Francisco uses photographs to identify a criminal.
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Thomas Taylor proposed that markings found on the palm and fingertips could be a method used for identification.
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Hair was first studied by Rudolph Virchow, who also recognized its limitations.
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A paper was published by Henry Faulds and William James Herschel about the different aspects in a fingerprint and how it's unique.
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Alphonse Bertillon, a policeman, identified the first person who reoffended based on his invention of anthropometry, the study of measurements of our bodies.
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Doctors looked for wound patterns while examining victims who were involved in Jack the Ripper.
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Locard brings forward the idea of a precept "Every contact leaves a trace."
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The FBI was established by President Theodore Roosevelt.
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The first school which taught forensic science was founded by Rodolphe Archibald Reiss.
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John Larson had invented a machine that detects lies based on your breathing and blood pressure.
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Crime labs were being built, the first being in Los Angeles.
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Polygraph tests were ruled as inadmissible, non-valid evidence.
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R.F. Borkenstein invented the breathalyzer, which was used for sobriety tests to determine if someone is under the influence.
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Voice recordings from phone calls, answer machines, etc., were recorded on sound spectrographs and could be used as evidence.
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A national crime system was established where wanted people, stolen vehicles, weapons, etc., were file into.
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Because of technology advances, gunshot residue could be detected. You could also determine how close the person was from the gun.
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A system was implemented for automatic fingerprint identifications. By 1999, the inquiry went from two weeks to two hours to respond.
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Alec Jeffreys performed the first DNA profiling test.
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Improved technology allows DNA profiling time to go from 6-8 weeks, to only 1-2 days.
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A system was created by Britain's Forensic Science Service to code/detect footwear to identify footwear marks.
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Scientists discovered a way to visualize fingerprints even after prints have been cleaned off of a surface, object, etc.
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A software was developed by Michigan State University that automatically detected a mug shot stored on the database by a hand drawn image of that person.
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Researchers in Japan developed a dental x-ray matching system. Dental records can match to a person stored on the database.