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Scheele (1742-1786), a German-Swedish chemist, independently discovers oxygen, chlorine, and manganese.
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Orfila (1787-1853) proved a suspect in a crime to be guilty by using toxicology. He also created new methods of testing for poisons in corpses and food.
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Bertillon (1853-1914) uses physical measurements to make a record of criminals, the first system of its kind. He also came up with the "mug shot" method of forensic photography.
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Holmes and Watson, two characters created by Arthur Conan Doyle, use analysis of fingerprints, typewritten notes, and footprints as credible evidence, as well as dogs to find evidence.
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Locard (1877-1966) convinces police to let him have a laboratory, which becomes the first forensic lab. He also coined the basic principle of forensic science: "Every contact leaves a trace."
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Goddard (1891-1955) compiles a database of gun data with a colleague, and helps adapt the comparison microscope for use in bullet comparison.
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Landsteiner (1868-1943) discovers the 4 major blood groups and develops the ABO system of blood typing.
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Jeffreys (1950-) develops techniques for RNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling, which are now used worldwide.