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This book Darwin wrote was about his ideas of natural selection. These ideas was developed during his travels across the South American coast and the Galapagos Islands
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Friedrich Miescher, a swiss scientist, was studying the chemistry of cells. Miescher then isolated material called nuclein. Which he then found in other cells known as DNA
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Walter Sutton, a graduate student, saw that in the process of meiosis each type of cell only recieved one chromosome. He concluded that each cell have half sets of chromosomes.
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Thomas Hunt Morgan and his group proven that genes on chromosomes are the units of heredity using a fruit fly organism. They showed that chromosomes carry genes.
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George Beadle and Edward Tatum showed that genes act by regulating distinct chemical events through unrelated experiments. When exposed to X-ray radiation mutations occur in certain amino acids which can alter a gene.
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William Astbury, a British scientist, was the first to discover the first diffraction pattern of DNA in X-ray's. The X-ray diffraction patteren revealed that DNa must have a regular, periodic structure.
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Francis Crick and James Watson described DNA as a double helix. DNA is made of nucleotides, nucleotides are linked in a series of chains. Sugar and phosphate nucleotides form together making a two strand helix.
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Arthur Kornberg isolated DNA polymerase then added a protein containing DNA molecules and nucleotide building blocks which gave new strands of DNA. The enzyme was one of the three forms of DNA polymerase used for repairing DNA. It was later used to replicate when cells divides.
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Robert Guthrie, a doctor and bacterial scientist, discovered a new way to test newborns for the inability to digest the amino acid phenylalanine. He tested blood specimens and body poisons in the nervous system for diseases.
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Several groups of researches discovered the ability to manipulate DNA. Restriction enzymes recognize and cut specific short sequences of DNA.
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In 1972 when using restriction enzymes they were able to produce the first recombinant DNA molecules. Recombinant DNA is the joining of DNA from different species and inserts the hybrid DNA into a host cell.
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Researchers fused a segment of DNA with a gene from a African clawed frog with E. coli and placed the resulting DNA back into a E. coli cell. The frog DNA was copied and the gene contained a direct production of a specfic frog, making this the first animal gene cloned.
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Huntington disease was the first genetic disease mapped. It was found on chromosome 4.
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The first human genetic map was based on 400 restriction fragment length polymorphisms or better known as RFLPs. Being able to track which variants different people inherit will help better find locations of genes that cause diseases.
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Ethical, Legal and Social Implications better known as ELSI was discovered. Planners realized that mapping and human sequencing the human genome would profound implications for society.
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A Microbial Genome Program was used to sequence genomes of some bacterias.
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The Institute for Genomic sequenced the first complete genome, Haemophilus influenzae. A little while later they sequenced another genome, Mycoplasma genitalium.
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the National Human Genome Research Institute discovered a way to complete sequencing the human genome. They tested feasibility of large-scale sequencing, accuratecy and other alternatitives.
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HGP advanced their goals of sequencing to cover 90% of the human genome to 2000. Therefore, full-scale human genome sequencing began.
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HGP finished the first full-length sequence of human chromosomes, chromosome 22. The method used was a clone-by-clone sequencing, since chromosome 22 is the smallest researchers agreed to first it first.
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HGP finished sequencing chromosome 21. This was the second chromosome to get sequenced. It has about 33,500,000 base pairs and less than 300 genes.
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HGP international published the first draft of the human genome sequence. The sequence covered 90% of the human genome and 30,000—35,000 genes.
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Researches linked a gene with bipolar disorder. They found two different single-nucleotide polymorphisms that can be associated with BP.
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International human genome sequencing annouced completion of the Human Genome Project a success. Completion was two years ahead of schedule and under budget but it was still successfully completed.
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MIT and Harvard announced the completion of the dog genome sequence. They say that the data may help improve health of humans and dogs as well.
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The National Cancer Institute and the National Human Genome Research Institute started The Cancer Genome Atlas Pilot Project. This project will be $100 million and will map out genomic changes in brain, lung and ovarian cancers.
