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Robert Hooke coined the term "cells" anc Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed the first microorganisms because of the invention of the microscope.
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Gregor Mendal , an Austrian onk working with peo plants, discovered the simple laws of inheritance of rets that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits.
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Louis pasteur described the scientific basis for fermentation, wine making, and the brewing of beer, establische the science of microbiology, and proposed the germ theory, claiming that microorganisms were responsible for infectios diseases
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Johann Miescher found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages. this later led scentists to believe that DNA might be the inheritable material of an organism.
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Genes were moved into an organism through the use of a gene gun
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Studying friut fies, Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that genes were on chromosomes
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Fred Griffith, using mice, proved that genetc material could be mobed form one strain of bacteria to another.
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Sur Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin form a fungus. Many of his ideas are used to develop biotechnology drugs today.
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Chargaff showed that DNA the nyumber of units of adenine equaled those of thymine and the number of units of cytosine equaled those of guanine.
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Using their famous "blender experiment," Hershey and chase proved viruses replocated using DNA and confirmed the rol of DNA as the hereditary material.
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Rosaling Franklin and Maurice Wilkins established through X-ray crstallography that DNA was indeed a double helix
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Watson and Crick discover DNA
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Haqyes discovered plasmid DNA, curcular pieces of DNA pound in bacteria
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Wlate4r gilver discovered them mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA
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Arber, nathans, and smith discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA
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khoranda and Nirenverg discovered the 64 codons that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins.
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DNA plasmids were Isolated and purified by vinograd
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Madel adn higa were responsible for the first transformation of the bacteruim Escherichia coli.
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Cloning experiments were conducted by Boyer adn Cohen
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Genentech, the worlds first genetic engineering company, was founded
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140 scientists met to dray up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms. Paul Berg was a key organizer.
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Sanger and Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA, Geven an knknown piece o KNA, they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine and theymine.
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Botstein fount that one could ve identified by the pattern made of one's DNA through a digest by different enzymes. This DNA fingerprint was called a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.
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Louise Joy Brown was born, the first human baby resulting fron in vitro fertilization, in which sperm and egg ar joined in a petri dish. The fertilized egg is later implanted in a womb.
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The U.S. Supreme court ruled that genetically altered life forms can be pantented. This resulted in a huge startup of biothck companies.
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Ohio University scientists make the first transgenic animals
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Eli Lilly company placed a human insulin gene inside bactieria
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Schell, chilton , Van Montagu, Fraley, and Horsch transformed plants with Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer
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Kary Mullis invneted polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA in the laboratory
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Jefries applied RFLP in DNA profiling th hte study of crimial cases
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An automated fluorescence sequencer was invented , speeding up the labor intense process.
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NIH revidsed sagety guidelines for recombinant DNA to inclde plans grown in greenhouses adn animals raised in barns
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Andrew fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference, silensing of genes, in the worm C elegans.
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Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne used monoclonal antibody technology.
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Maynard olson adn colleagues at Washington university invented "yeast artificialchromosomes," or YACs which are expression vectors for large proteins.
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Ian wilmut colned Dolly the sheeep from an cell of a ewe at the roslin institute in Scotland.
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DNA microarrray technology, looking ast the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon ship, was developed
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Dabiri and garner invented an automated DNA sequencer that had a capability of sequencing 76800 base pairs per hour, 5 to 30 times faster that existing sequencers. Technology like this greatly sped up the human Genome Project
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Ron Breaker coined the term riboswitch or part of an mRNA moleculte that cna regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression
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Announcement was made of the completion of the human genome project by Francis Colins and Craig Venter. teh project prvided teh ability to find genes adn gave rise to the sequencing of other genomes.
