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It states that humans crossed through Russia to Alaska, using an ice bridge that formed on the last Ice Age, named the Strait of Bering
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This controversial theory proposes that people from the Solutrean culture of Ice Age Europe (modern-day France and Spain) crossed the Atlantic Ocean along the ice edge in small boats around 20,000 years ago and were among the first to populate North America. Supporters point to similarities between Solutrean stone tools and early Clovis tools found in North America. However, the hypothesis is widely rejected by most archaeologists due to lack of solid genetic and archaeological evidence.
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This theory suggests that the first humans to reach the Americas migrated from Asia along the Pacific coastline in boats or by walking nearshore routes, shortly after the Last Glacial Maximum. They followed kelp forests and marine resources, arriving in the Americas before the opening of the inland ice-free corridor. Archaeological sites like Monte Verde in Chile support this early coastal entry.
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: Modern humans (Homo sapiens) evolved in Africa around 200,000–300,000 years ago and began migrating out of East Africa approximately 60,000–70,000 years ago. These early humans spread into Asia, Europe, and eventually the rest of the world, replacing or interbreeding with local archaic humans like Neanderthals and Denisovans. Genetic evidence, especially from mitochondrial DNA, supports this as the origin of all modern humans.
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Created by Saint-Simon, Augusto Comte and John Stuart Mill it believes that studying history using the scientific method is the most efficient way of interpretating it.
Also using the three stages of Comte's Law:
Theological state: Everything is explained by Gods
Metaphysical State: Explained by abstract reasoning
Positivist State: Using the Scientific Method -
Carls Marx, Friedrich Engels
History is shaped by materialistic conditions and the motor of history is the fights between social classes -
Created by Benedetto Croce and Wilhelm Dilthley, it believes more on historical interpretation instead of scientific data. Each event is unique and influenced by cultural and social circumstances.
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March Bloch, Lucien Febure
Interdisiciplinary approaches -
Prioritizes the social, economics, and cultural factors. broad history beyond politics, Longue durée, examines the long term relation that made a historical fact possible, uses interdisciplinary approaches
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Long Term relations and events
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Thanks to Luis Gonzáles y Gonzales Mexico accepted the influence of the Annales School to investigate cultural, and social aspects of the common life
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Cultural history and microhistorical events