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1095
Pope Urban II calls for the Crusades
The Muslims invaded the Holy Land and the Pope created the Crusades to take it back, and they learned about new goods. -
1200
European shift
Even after the Crusades "failed to control the Holy Land", it made them explore more parts of the world/cities, which inspired their new ways of life. It was a big shift. -
1254
The birth of Marco Polo
Marco Polo was born in Venice, Italy which was a prime center of trade, which started his exploration and further depth into the world of trade. -
1293
The Polo's journey to Asia
Their journey by ship was vast and difficult. Many passengers had died due to the weather and living conditions. -
1298
Polo against Genoa
Polo was captured as a prisoner from the war, but he met a writer while he was imprisoned which sparked his idea to write his own book about his experiences in Asia. -
1415
Portuguese captured the Fortress of Ceuta in Africa
"They set up trading posts in Africa and collected gold and silver." Prince Henry developed the caravel which would make it easier to access the gold by sea. -
1419
Portugal's discovery of the Madeira Islands
The discovery of these islands encouraged Prince Henry and his "explorers and scientists to navigate farther south along the coast of Africa." -
1427
Portugal's discovery of the Azores Islands
The discovery of these islands inspired Prince Henry and his companions to "navigate farther south along the coast of Africa" in search for more gold. -
1434
Prince Henry's return voyage from Cape Bojador
Prince Henry's ships finally returned in 1434 which was a big achievement since at least 15 voyages had failed to go around the cape. -
1469
Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella
The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella "unified Catholic Spain and began the process of building a nation that could compete for global power." -
1485
Spice Islands
Columbus presented his plan to go west to the Spice Islands to the king of Portugal but was rejected. He went to other kings, but they also rejected him. -
1488
Bartolomeu Días reaching Africa
"He finally made it around the tip of Africa, reaching the eastern coast of South Africa." After that, his crew refused to go all the way to India. Then Días discovered a cape that was later named "Cape of Good Hope" because it "represented the possibility of finally reaching India by sea." -
Oct 12, 1492
Discovery of Hispaniola
Columbus discovered an island, that was then named Hispaniola (the current Dominican Republic and Haiti). He was awarded the title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea, and they "named him governor and viceroy of the lands he had discovered." -
1498
Da Gama's voyage to India
Da Gama's voyage made it to India in 1498. The route pushed Portugal to be around the richest countries in Europe. -
Thomas Hobbes writing The Leviathan
Thomas Hobbes believed that without government, there would be war, and war would disorganize society, cause total chaos, and cause more competition. Competition would be caused by equality when "any two men desire the same thing, which...they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies." -
John Locke writing The Second Treatise on Government
John Locke believed that every man has "perfect freedom to [choose] their actions and [get rid] of their possessions and persons, as they think fit." He believed that God had given man reason to be independent, and to not "harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions." -
Declaration of Independence
The Declaration states that when one person wants freedom, they have to say the causes of why they want to separate. The government is the people, who have the power to "alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government." -
French Revolution
They were forced to pay their "debts from the Seven Years War and from its support of American colonists in their fight against the British." They also established a National Assembly made of the people that believed that "ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public [problems] and of the corruption of governments." -
The start of the Haitian Revolution
The slaves began the rebellion against the French for human rights, universal citizenship, and participation in government. -
The end result of the Haitian Revolution
The slaves "had succeeded in ending slavery as well as French control over the island." -
French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain and betrayed the ideals of the French Revolution. -
El Grito de Dolores
Father Miguel Hidalgo called for the people of Dolores to "take up arms and fight for independence," which was the cry of Dolores. -
Simón Bolívar and the Admirable Campaign
"Bolívar and his men invaded Venezuela, marking the beginning of the Campaña Admirable, or the Admirable Campaign. Bolívar's campaign was victorious, and Venezuela became independent." -
José de San Martín recapturing Chile
"Forces loyal to Spain recaptured Chile. On February 12, 1817, [San Martín] surprised and the Spanish soldiers and liberated Santiago, Chile, where he then proceeded to his original plan: the capture of Lima." -
The depression from the economy
Moses Austin had lost his fortune, and banks had begun to fail due to the "economic crisis". -
Moses and Stephen F. Austin on way to Texas
Moses Austin picks up his son, Stephen F. Austin, and the two go to East Texas. -
Gran Colombia
Gran Colombia contained Venezuela, Colombia, Panamá, and Ecuador, which all were created under the new government of Bolívar. -
Father Miguel Hidalgo and his gain of independence
The rebel forces of Mexico finally gained their independence from Spain because they were not giving up after Father Hidalgo had died, and they knew that it was going to take a long time to gain independence if they hadn't had done it then. -
The passing of the Imperial Colonization Law
The Mexican government passed the law that Austin could continue to bring settlers from the U.S. to Texas. -
Constitution of 1824
In the Constitution, "Mexico proclaimed that they would be governed by a president, have a congress to make the laws, and create a federalist government, where the state and national governments shared power." These differences caused big problems that led to conflict in the 1830s. -
San Felipe de Austin
Stephen thought that the colony needed a capital, so he created San Felipe. The town was along the Brazos River, and it was popular because it was at the center of the colony and people were crossing it to get to other places. -
Slaves in the colony
440 out of 1,790 colonists were African American slaves in the colony. -
The Republic of Fredonia
Nacogdoches, Texas, was where the Edwards brothers (Haden and Benjamin) had a "land grant from Mexico to settle 800 families." They saw families already living there, called squatters (people on the land for several generations). The brothers wanted titles to be presented for the land, or else they would demand payment for it, or the squatters had to leave. The Mexican government sided with the squatters and Benjamin Edwards revolted and started the Republic and declared independence. -
San Felipe growth
The capital had between 100 and 200 residents in 1827. -
General Manuel Mier y Teran
He was sent to inspect Texas. Mexican influence in Texas was decreasing. "In East Texas, the Anglos outnumbered the Mexicans five to one." He said that Texas could easily throw Mexico into revolution. Mexico then made a "dramatic change toward Texas." -
The Law of April 6, 1830
The Mexican government issued this law to give Mexico more authority over Texas. "Mexico ended all immigration from the United States. Mexico suspended all empresario grants. No new slaves could be brought to Texas." More soldiers came to Texas. The Mexican government built more forts. Texans were protesting against the Mexican government. -
The Turtle Bayou Resolutions
"The Texans denied that they were attacking the Mexican government and pledged their support of Santa Anna and the Mexican Constitution of 1824." -
Conventions of 1832 and 1833
The Conventions of 1832 and 1833 were when the Texans came together to list their complaints and present their requests to Santa Anna. In 1832, the Texans wanted their state to be separate from Mexico, "the April 6th law revoked, improved schools, better mail service, more protection against the Native Americans and land titles for those settlers in East Texas." The Texans wrote a constitution for separation with Mexico in 1833 and sent Stephen F. Austin. -
The Consultation of 1835
In Anahuac, the Mexican government had arrested a large number of people over tax collection. William B. Travis led a force there to release the protestors. The Mexicans surrendered. General Martin de Cos demanded that Travis and others be arrested. The Texans called for the Consultation of 1835. The Texans were divided at this meeting - one group, the peace party, who wanted to keep peace with Mexico, and the other group, the war party, who wanted immediate independence from Mexico. -
Santa Anna becoming dictator
Santa Anna thought that Mexico wasn't ready for democracy. He declared himself dictator. He couldn't meet with Austin because he was not in the capital. Austin wrote him a letter instead. Santa Anna agreed with most of the propositions but not separate statehood. The Mexicans thought that the letter was an act of crime, so they put Austin in jail. He was gone from Texas for over two years. -
The Texans' victory at Gonzales
The Texans and "Gonzales volunteers made a surprise attack at dawn. The Texans raised a flag that read, 'COME AND TAKE IT." Then the Mexicans retreated and the Texans had won. The Texans then marched towards San Antonio. -
The start of the Texas Revolution and the small brass cannon
General Cos demanded all weapons are to be returned to the Mexican authorities, and Colonel Ugartechea ordered the Texans to give up the small brass cannon. The Texans refused to give up their cannon and they taunted the Mexicans to "Come and Take It." The Mexicans retreated, and the Texas Revolution had started. -
The Texans' victory at the Goliad Campaign
"George Collinsworth, Ben Milam, and fifty Texan soldiers marched toward Goliad." The Texans defeated thirty Mexican soldiers, and they captured the Presidio La Bahía. The Texans beat the Mexicans in just 30 minutes. "The Goliad Campaign increased the morale of the Texans and allowed them to gain military supplies from the battle." -
The Texans' victory at the Grass Fight
The Mexicans surprisingly approached the Texans with a supply of mules. When the Texans had finally captured the mules after several attacks, they only found the packs to be filled with grass to feed the animals. -
The Texans' victory at San Antonio
The Texans defeated General Cos and had control over San Antonio. Edward Burleson accumulated most of the Mexican weapons and supplies, but he couldn't hold any prisoners of war. -
The beginning of the siege of the Alamo
Santa Anna had come back to fight Texas after they had captured the Alamo during the Siege of San Antonio. -
The Mexicans' victory at the Battle of the Alamo
The battle lasted 13 days. Santa Anna ordered all Texans to be put to death. The Mexicans had consistently "bombarded" the Alamo, and they wouldn't give up. -
The Mexicans' victory at the Goliad Massacre
Sam Houston had told James Fannin to help defend the Alamo, but Fannin had not obeyed him until later when the Mexicans were on their way. Fannin and his forces had stopped to take a break on their way to the Alamo, and the Mexicans had surrounded and captured them. "Three separate groups were marched out of the presidio and executed. In the panic of the gunfire, 28 men were able to escape. Fannin and 40 of his wounded men were killed at Goliad." -
The Texans' victory at the Battle of San Jacinto
General Houston and his army had attacked the Mexicans and shouted "Remember the Alamo!" and "Remember Goliad!" during it. They had defeated the Mexicans in just 18 minutes, and the Texans had captured their money, supplies, and Santa Anna. -
The Treaty of Velasco
"The Treaty of Velasco officially recognized Texas as an independent country no longer under Mexican control. The treaty had two parts, one public and one secret."