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Influence of the Massachusetts School Laws (1642, 1647 and 1648)
Massachusetts was a major power in national politics. If Massachusetts enacted a law, most colonies (and later states) would follow. On that note, these series of laws are significant as they established the first step toward compulsory public education. Of particular importance is the 1647 Old Deluder Satan Law, which required townships of 50 or more people to establish a school and to appoint a headmaster in order to teach reading and writing. Any township that did not comply was fined. -
Influence of Horace Mann (1796–1859) Slide 1
Horace Mann was an influential educator of this time period. Mann was appointed Secretary of the Board of Education in Massachusetts in 1937. In this position, he visited schools in the state and established the traditional of annual reports to report back to the legislature and citizens about the 'state of the schools.' The establishment of 'normal schools' (to train students to be teachers) in Massachusetts also began under Mann. Mann founded and published 'The Common School Journal' 1938. -
Influence of Horace Mann (1796–1859) Slide 2
This Journal advocated changes in the education system in Massachusetts, some of which were: the public should get more involved, education should be paid for public, that education should be provided in school and by children of all classes, education must be non-sectarian and that education should be provided by well-trained teachers As a result of this, Massachusetts had an important influence nationwide regarding changes in the various states education system. -
Influence of the Committee of Ten Slide 1
Horace Mann had a major influence on changes to the education system in America. This led to the forming of this 'Committee of 10' by the National Education Association (NEA) in 1892 that proposed further changes to the education system. It comprised of 10 important educators from different part of the nation. The committee was instructed to answer the following question: 'What constitutes a good secondary education?' After much debate, the committee is known for the following two items: -
Influence of the Committee of Ten Slide 2
First, the committee recommended that secondary schools focus on the following nine courses: Latin, Greek, English, Modern Languages, Mathematics, Sciences, Natural History, History and Geography. Students who wished to go to college afterwards must have completed these courses. Second, the committee recommended the establishment of 12 years of school - Eight were to be elementary education and 4 were to be in secondary education. Many of these recommendations are still in place today. -
Influence of the Carnegie Units
The changes to the education system and curriculum continued after the Committee of Ten's recommendations. A further change was to standardize the time students would spend on this a subject. The Carnegie Unit was the philosophy that a student should spend approximately 130 class hours a year on a subject, which breaks down to 50-55 minutes per class day during the school year. This assisted teachers in organizing their curriculum in a effective way. This system is still being used today. -
Influence of Franklin Bobbitt (1876-1856) Slide 1
One of the committee members of the Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education was Franklin Bobbitt, who was a education faculty member of the University of Chicago. Bobbitt was an important figure in education and at the forefront of the movement to make changes to curriculum to better fit the updated needs for our country in our changing society. He wrote two influential books, The Curriculum and How to Make a Curriculum. -
Influence of the Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education
Continuing the work of the Committee of 10, the NEA authorized another report to update curriculum standards nationwide. The findings of this report recommended that schools do not emphasize intellectual skills, but focus on the following items: health, command of fundamental progress, worthy home membership, vocation, citizenship, worthy use of leisure and ethical character. All of this was important to offer choices to a diverse population with the influx of immigrants to the United States. -
Influence of Franklin Bobbitt (1876-1856) Slide 2
These two books have become a guide for curriculum in education. Bobbitt believed there should be a scientific approach in curriculum development. He broke it down into several steps starting with analyzing the human experience and then analyzing the particular job, family and other social roles. Once that is determined, then you plan your objectives and proper implementation. Bobbitt believed that this curriculum development method would prepare students for specific tracks and adulthood. -
Influence of John Dewey (1859-1952)
John Dewey was a respected intellectual associated with the University of Michigan, Chicago and Columbia. Dewey wrote and spoke on many topics, but he is best know for his work on education. He wrote five books on education reform. His belief was that the connections between the school experience and the social experience of the student should be intertwined. That with the proper education that social change can happen because of it. One of his books is The Child and the Curriculum (1902). -
Influence of John Dewey (1859-1952) Slide 2
In this book, Dewey concludes that that the material in a classroom should be relate to prior experiences that child might have and as a result this would make the student learn better and gain a deeper understanding of the content. In later writings, Dewey evolved in his thinking somewhat and believed that schools should provide an social environment that reflected the neighborhood the student would live in to better prepare them for life outside of the classroom. -
Influence of Ralph Tyler (1902–1994) Slide 1
Our final influential figure of curriculum development is Ralph Tyler, an important professor from Ohio State University. Tyler's first important work on education was the Eight Year Study.. This was a study that involved secondary schools and universities all over the nation. The conclusion of this finding was that the education system was too stifling to the student which had a direct effect on their learning abilities. His findings in this report also led for him to write a book called -
Influence of Ralph Tyler (1902–1994) Slide 2
Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction (1949). In this book he outlines four basic questions that the educators must ask, which are: What educational purposes should the school seek to attain?, What educational experiences can be provided that are likely to attain these purposes?, How can these educational experiences be effectively organized? and, finally, How can we determine whether these purposes are being attained? These are the foundations of curriculum development still today. -
Influence of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act
This law is a reflection of Lyndon B. Johnson and progressive politics of the 'Great Society'. There were several sections of this bill, which are: Title 1: Federal Financial Assistance for Secondary Schools, Title 2: Instructional Resources, Title 3: Developing School Institutions, Title 4: Scholarships, Title 5: Improving Quality of Teaching, Title 6: Federal Financial Assistance for undergraduate schools. This bill has since provided a foundation on education at the federal level. -
Influence of the book 'A Nation at Risk'
The Ronald Reagan Administration authorized a report on the state of education on America. The final report became known as 'A Nation at Risk'. This report found that America's school were starting to fail and fall behind other nations around the world and that we did not hold our students to a high standard. The report touched off a wave of education reforms such as tougher graduation requirements, better teacher training, standardized testing, better leadership and more financial support. -
Influence of the No Child Left Behind Act
The No Child Left Behind Act, which is actually a re-authorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.. The main goal of this law was to ensure that schools were to be accountable, no matter the socioeconomic background, and to get all schools at the same testing level, especially in Math and Science. it also called for accountability for teachers, requiring them to be 'highly qualified'. Some of these national provisions have since changed to give more power back to the states. -
Perspective on Future of Curriculum
These two you tube videos below list possible trends in the future of schools and curriculum, they are both TedX talks by current educators (a teacher and principal) that both give a different perspective on where curriculum and schools might be headed. Both are relevant and give great ideas for how to develop change in a classroom and how to implement new ideas in a secondary school setting:
. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aldMBgT6u-4 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMxqEkg3wQ0 -
Conclusions
All of the events and people discussed above had a great influence on trends in curriculum development over the years in the United States. Events such as wars, immigration and politics have had a major influence as well. As a result of all of this, the education system has been able to grow and change as society as changed over the years. These changes have affected the classroom, which in turn as affected the methods in which guidance counselors how to plan with secondary students. -
References and Citations Slide 1
Massachusetts School Laws: "Old Deluder Satan Act." New Catholic Encyclopedia. .Retrieved June 15, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com; Influence of Horace Mann: "Mann, Horace (1796–1859)." Encyclopedia of Education. .Retrieved June 15, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com; Committee of Ten: "Secondary Education." Encyclopedia of Education. .Retrieved June 14, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com; Carnegie Units: "Carnegie Units." Encyclopedia of Education. . Retrieved June 15, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com -
References and Citations Slide 2
Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education: "Secondary Education." Encyclopedia of Education. . Retrieved June 14, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com; Franklin Bobbitt: "Bobbitt, Franklin (1876–1956)." Encyclopedia of Education. . Retrieved June 15, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com; John Dewey: "Dewey, John." Gilded Age and Progressive Era Reference Library. . Retrieved June 15, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com -
References and Citations Slide 3
Ralph Taylor: "Tyler, Ralph W. (1902–1994)." Encyclopedia of Education. . Retrieved June 15, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com; "Elementary and Secondary Education Act Higher Education Act of 1965." Major Acts of Congress. . Retrieved June 16, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com; A Nation at Risk: "Education Reform." Encyclopedia of Education. . Retrieved June 15, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com -
References and Citations Slide 4
No Child Left Behind: "No Child Left Behind (2001)." Major Acts of Congress. . Retrieved June 16, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com, -
Picture Citations Slide 1
Massachusetts School Laws: (2005, January 01). Retrieved June 16, 2017, from http://www.massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=113; Horace Mann: Warder, G. (2015). Horace Mann and the creation of the Common School. Retrieved (March 17, 2015) from http://www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/edu/essay.html?id=42; Committee of Ten: James C. Mackenzie. (1894). The Report of the Committee of Ten. The School Review, 2(3), 146-155. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1074830 -
Picture Citation Slide 2
Carnegie Units: (2015, February 02). Retrieved June 16, 2017, from http://srhsprincipalsblog.blogspot.com/2015/02/its-time-to-redefine-credit-hour.html; Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education: (2012, May 16). Retrieved June 16, 2017, from https://openlibrary.org/books/OL246558M/Cardinal_principles_of_secondary_education. -
Picture Citation Slide 3
Franklin Bobbitt: (2014, September 27). Retrieved June 16, 2017, from https://talkcurriculum.wordpress.com/2014/09/27/bobbitt-f-2013-scientific-method-in-curriculum-making-in-d-j-flinders-s-j-thornton-eds-curriculum-studies-reader-4th-ed-pp-11-18-new-york-ny-routledgefalmer/ -
Picture Citation Slide 4
John Dewey: (2010, October 28). Retrieved June 16, 2017, from (2014, September 27). Retrieved June 16, 2017, from https://talkcurriculum.wordpress.com/2014/09/27/bobbitt-f-2013-scientific-method-in-curriculum-making-in-d-j-flinders-s-j-thornton-eds-curriculum-studies-reader-4th-ed-pp-11-18-new-york-ny-routledgefalmer/; Ralph Tyler: (2013, August 01). Retrieved June 16, 2017, from http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/B/bo17239506.html -
Picture Citation Slide 5
Elementary and Secondary Education Act: (1965, April 11). Retrieved June 16, 2017, from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2015/04/01/eseas-50-year-legacy-a-blend-of-idealism.html; A Nation at Risk: (2013, April 25). Retrieved June 16, 2017, from http://neatoday.org/2013/04/25/a-nation-at-risk-turns-30-where-did-it-take-us-2/ -
Picture Citation Slide 6
No Child Left Behind: (2004, January 5). Retrieved June 16, 2017, from http://www.edweek.org/ew/section/multimedia/no-child-left-behind-overview-definition-summary.html -
Video Citations
(2014, November 20). Retrieved June 16, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMxqEkg3wQ0; (2014, March 03). Retrieved June 16, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aldMBgT6u-4
