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Instructional media the physical means via which instruction is presented to learners. Through creating educational films, pictures and lantern slides. Then advances in media through radio broadcasting and motions with pictures changed the idea. Then in the 1950's the growth due to the television.
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School Museums severed as a supplemental resource for teachers before instructional media became integrated into the classroom.
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This was the first instructional film catalog to be published in the United States.
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Stated that he believed that books would soon be diminished and teachers would be able to teach through motion picture.
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5 National Professional Organizations were established for Visual Instruction.
5 Journals began focusing on Visual Instruction.
20+ Teacher-Training Institutions began offering courses in visual instruction.
12 Large City school systems developed Bureaus of Visual Education. -
Technololgical advances in Radio Broadcasting, Sound Recordings, and Sound Motions Pictures increases interest.
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By 1930, commercial interests in the visual instruction movement invested and lost 50 million. Note the Great Depression started in 1929.
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Constructivism is not a single theory, and it stands on learning is more a matter of going from the inside out. The learner actively imposes organization and meaning on the surrounding environment and constructs knowledge in the process. Jean Piaget is considered one of the first people to give insight to this method
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Three existing national professional organizations for visual instruction merge creating the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT).
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Was first introduced in 1932 by British psychologist Frederic Bartlett, but was further developed in the 1970's by Psychologist American educational psychologist Richard Anderson. This theory states that knowledge is represented in long term memory as packets of information called schema. Schema organize information in categories that are related in systematic and predictable ways.
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Considered the father of behavioral objectives movement. Very popular statement he wrote was "Each objective must be defined in terms which clarify the kind of behavior which the course should help to develop."
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B.F. Skinner, throughout his life and career spent shaping his Behavioral Learning Theory. He believed that learning can be understood, explained, and predicted entirely on the basis of observable events, mostly the behavior of the learner in the environment.
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Instructional Design in World War II created success and became very time efficient to training military soldiers. Psychologists and other educators were able to develop tests that would screen soldiers, characteristics, strengths, and weakness. The data from these tests allowed them to direct the solider to the right type of training. They viewed training as a system, and developed innovative analysis, design, and evaluation procedures.
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(1941-1943 ) More than 400 training films and 600 filmstrips was produced with an estimated 4 million showings for training purposes. (1941-1945) In 1941 The federal government established the Division of Visual Aids for War Training which produced 457 training films. Audiovisual Materials and Equipment used in World War II included, Overhead Projectors, Slide Projectors, Simulators, and other training devices.
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Started the understanding in the development of the systems approach to education by analyzing and breaking down content into specific objectives.
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Set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes.
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This event played a major impact in the development of instructional design process. After this event, the USA invested millions of dollars into improving math and science in the education system.
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The view of IT changed from Media to a Process, indicating that IT should be viewed as a way of looking at instructional problems and examining feasible solutions, and it can be thought of as an application of science in practice.
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Mager wrote the book Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction. This was an extremely popular book with sales over 1.5 million copies describing how to write objectives based on learners behaviors, standards to base behaviors, and what conditions the behaviors should be performed.
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Was the first to use the term Criterion-Referenced measures. He insisted that these tests could asses student entry-level behavior, and determine the extent of information acquired and the instructional program was designed to teach. Which sparked the feature of instructional design procedures.
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This definition was the first to be approved by the major professional organization within the field. The definition focused on the the design and use of messages that controls the learning process.
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In this book he described the five types of learning outcomes: Verbal Information, Intellectual Skills, Psycho motor Skills, Attitudes, and Cognitive Strategies. Also, he described the nine events of instruction.
His work in the area of learning hierarchies and hierarchical analysis played a pivotal role on the instructional design field. -
Developed many idea's during his period, and some of his ideas and theories are still being taught today.
Three components- Taxonomy of Learning outcomes that defined the types of capabilities humans can learn.
- Internal and external learning conditions associated with the acquisition of each category of learning outcome.
- Nine Levels of Instruction.
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The General Systems Theory was developed by Silvern as an approach to accomplishing learning tasks and solving instructional problems. The theory is characterized as being systematic, systemic, responsive, interdependent, redundant, dynamic, cybernetic, synergistic, and creative.
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In 1968, Atkinson and Shriffin is said they proposed the first information processing theory by creating a multistage theory. Then in the 1970s this view rose among many psychologists.
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In the report entitled to Improve Learning the Commission provided two definitions. The first, summarized the order of IT to this point starting with media. The second, described IT as a process.
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During the 1970's the systems approach takes off. During 1975 the U.S. Military adopted an instructional design model, intended to guide the development of training materials in each branch. Also, these methods took off in the educational system by helping faculty use instructional design procedures to improve the quality of their instruction. Where we are still seeing the impact of these methods today in education.
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In 1975 Florida State University creates the ADDIE Model for the U.S. Army
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In 1977, The Association for Educational Communication and Technology (AECT) adopted a new definition. The length and details differed in many ways then previous definitions for the IT field. The definition consisted of 16 statements that took over 7 pages of text to explain, and had more than 120 pages of text explaining each part of the definition. This was the first definition to mention the analysis phase of the planning process.
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One of the most popular and influential instructional design model. This model transitions from a linear waterfall diagram to a Ccurvilinear compositions of ovals connected by curved lines with two way arrows.
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When personal computers had a major effect on instructional design because it turned the attention of educators to create computer base instruction to be implemented in their teaching.
Also, personal computers developed new models of instructional design that used tools to accomplish certain tasks. -
By 1983, in more than 40% of Elementary Schools, and 75% of all Secondary Schools were using Computers for instructional purposes.
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The Model changes from a waterfall method to a dynamic model.
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The internet plays a major factor in the development of instructional design, and instructional media. Computers, mobile devices, and innovated designs has changed how accomplish tasks within our jobs. And changes our views on the educational system as a whole. Within our finger tips we have more power to access any amount of information. With internet accessibility, schools can have online classes, businesses train their employees virtually, and new designs are being discovered everyday.
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During this era, more people started to discover that not only can computers help in instructional design, but a pivotal tool to enhance learning. During this decade started developing computer based knowledge systems to support learning and performance
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Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger produced the first Situated learning theory in 1991. Their reasoning is that leaning is a social process whereby knowledge is created. This theory takes on a more central an defining role in the cognitive sciences, and relies more on social and cultural determinants of learning than individual psychology.
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The AECT published an updated definition, and described the field in 5 domains: design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation. Unlike their first definition in 1977. in fact AECT did not describe IT field as a process or even mention the word systematic in their update definition.
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In the 21st century more reliance on informal learning to improve performance has changed. Social Meida, performance support tools created, and innovations in design has deceased the need for formal training.
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Was first introduced in 2005 by Siemens and Downes in their two publications. Leaning is defined by the formation of connections in a network, and networks learn by automatically adjusting the set of connections between individual neurons or nodes.
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AECT Latest definition can be summed up as the study and ethical practice of how to facilitate learning, improving performance, and managing technological processes and resources.
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Micheal Allen created the Successive Approximation Model in 2012 that has been considered a great alternate from the ADDIE Model. The SAM model has a Two Phase and a Three Phase design. SAM is a design and development process providing maximum opportunities for review, evaluation, and correction of decisions throughout the entire process.
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The Pebble model was developed by David Merrill, and is more of a design rather than a development model. The model starts with developing a problem, progression, component skills, enhance strategies, creating final design, and then evaluation. Also, this in another alternate to the ADDIE model.