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By Declaring that all persons born in the US are citizens this act provides that it is illegal to discriminate against individuals on the basis of color, race or whether they were a slave. This in turn would help in future litigation and provide remedy for those effected in the education system (Smith, Polloway, Patton & Dowdy, 2011)
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The council for exceptional children released its Policy on Assessment and Accountability stating that all students with disabilities should be included in assessment and accountability systems and should have the opportunity to participate in general assessments, assessments with accommodations including off-grade level testing or alternate assessments that reflect valid and reliable performance.
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This case fought for desegregation of all public school system in the US and separate but equal was unconstitutional. This is a springboard for litigation regarding students with disabilities. (SMITH, POLLOWAY, PATTON & DOWDY, 2011). http://www.usatoday.com/videos/news/2018/03/26/linda-brown-girl-who-changed-school-segregation-forever/33308137/
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The federal court decided that children with mental disabilities would be provided with free and appropriate public education. These cases provided a legal standing to challenge officials denying equal opportunity. These cases brought attention that students with disabilities should not be excluded and should have equal protections under the law.
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The court established due peaches procedures to ensure all students had equal rights. The board of District of Columbia denied access to education for students who were special needs. The court found that free public educational services, or suitable alternatives paid for by the board of education, must be delivered based on the students' individual needs regardless of cost.
http://www.usatoday.com/videos/news/2018/03/26/linda-brown-girl-who-changed-school-segregation-forever/33308137/ -
This law signed by president Nixon prohibits discrimination in the work place and schools and any entity receiving federal funding. This plan mandates individualized plans for eligible disabled students who need accommodations or modifications in order to receive FAPE. Least Restrictive education, mandate is an essential element as far as placement to the learning environment. (SMITH, POLLOWAY, PATTON & DOWDY, 2011).
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The education for all handicapped children act. This law secured the basic ideals, rights and responsibilities to ensure equal access to public education for all children who are disabled. The key element being that prior written notice be provided to the parent regarding the proposes or refuses changes to identification or placement of child or FAPE (SMITH, POLLOWAY, PATTON & DOWDY, 2011).
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The U.S. Supreme Court's First interpretation pf what was then called the education for all handicapped children act (NOW THE INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACT, "IDEA"). "Basic floor of responsibility"and "some educational benefit" a two part test can be implemented now when working through specific case issues. (SMITH, POLLOWAY, PATTON & DOWDY, 2011).
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This law prohibits discrimination by your employer, services received by state and local governments, in places of public accommodation, transportation and telecommunications. This is key because a public school is included under this law by providing civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities and not discrimination on the basis of race, sex national origin, and religion. (SMITH, POLLOWAY, PATTON & DOWDY, 2011). https://www.ada.gov
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The said goal of NCLB is to " level the playing field" in education.
There are several standards such as adequate yearly progress, use of "scientifically based research", teachers who are "Highly Qualified", evaluations and minimum standards for paraprofessionals. Sanctions apply to some of the above standards are not met. (SMITH, POLLOWAY, PATTON & DOWDY, 2011). https://www.understood.org › your-childs-rights › basics-about-childs-rights
