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According to Claudius Ptolemy, the Earth was the center of the universe. Past the sun, he thought the only planets were Mars, Jupiter and Saturn because they were the only planets that could be seen with a naked eye.
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Used data to for a sun-centered cosmology launching modern astronomy.
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The last naked eye-astronomer, and proved that the heavens were not fixed
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Used a telescope to collect evidence that supported a sun-centered model of the solar system.
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Developed 3 laws of motion and the theroy of universal gravitiy which helps us understand the Universe
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Discovered the relationship between the brightness of a star and the amount of time it was taking to vary in brightness. Becuase of this others could estamate how far away stars were and begin mapping.
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Edwin Hubble demonstrated that the universe was bigger than previously thought and proved that the universe was expanding. He used a very powerful telescope