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First Tudor King.
Under his Reign the church was separated from the Roman Catholic Church → Schism. -
Martin Luther writes and nails this text on the door of Wittenburg University --> Birth of Protestantism -
William Tyndale translates and publicaly publishes the Bible in English for the first time.
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Henry the VIII becomes supreme head of the church -
- Popular revolut that happened in Yorkshire, it happened because of the dissolution of monastries
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Church's incomes, valuables and lands were taken away
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Protestantism will continue to grow and evolve during his reign
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Prayer book used in the Anglican Communion -
Managed to restore Catholicism in 18 months. → protestants practiced in hiding (or else they’d be burned alive/killed)
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Stabilized Church of England with “religious settlement”.
Instaured the ”Via Media” -
- Abolishing pope’s authority → restored Queen as Supreme governor of the Church of England
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→ every parish had to use the Book of common prayer / people could not refuse to attend Anglican church -
The symbol of counter reformation -
The Pope excommunicated the Queen
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→ new ecclesiology / new doctrine of salvation / new definition of sacraments and of the mass -
Made it treason for anyone to claim Elizabeth wasn't the true Queen of England
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Act to retain the Queen’s Majesty’s subjects in their dues Obedience : It provided for the death penalty for any person converting, or already converted to Catholicism
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A plot between Catholics and Mary Stuart against Elizabeth the 1rst was discovered -
Mary Stuart was executed in Fotheringham Castle
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Delivered by the Queen in Tilbury in order to Rally the troops -
Victory of England against the Spanish Armada
→ Ideological positive impact for the Queen's Reign -
Firstly building up as small trading posts, The East India Company allowed England to have control over many marchandise (spices, silk etc…) from India and China -
The son of Mary Queen of Scotts ruled over both kingdoms. He was a strong divine rights believer and both protestants and catholics placed hoped in him to favor their side over the other.
He also faced financial problems, due to an inherited debt that was increased by his extravagance. -
The choice to pursue the Elizabethian Settlement led to the GunPower Plot. A group of catholics plotted against the King. -
First permanent colonies in North America -
Starvation caused by un efficient amount of food : only 60 to 500 colonists survived
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The King introduced a financial reform called «Great Contract» in order to receive a fixed sum and abolish his financial issues, but this was refused by parliament. It led to the first time a King dismissed Parliament.
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After years of debate, the Parliament finally agreed to finance the war on Spain like the King requested 3 years before. -
Strongly favored Arminianism, also believed in the divine rights of the Kings and maintained a very conflicted relationship with Parliament
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The MP’s requested the King to recognize his wrong doings and the illegality of his actions.
He reluctantly signed it. -
Passed by MP’s, it implicitly declared that the King would be considered an enemy if he were to bring the church to ‘Arminianism’. It was received as an act of opened defiance by the King and led to the beginning of the Personal Rule. -
11 years during which the King ruled without Parliament
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The King tried to align Church of Scotland (Calvinist) and Church of England (Anglican) together.
When he imposed the Book of Common Prayer in Scotland, riots of protest started marking the beginning of The Scottish Crisis. -
Petition written by Scottish in opposition to the King’s religious policies. It was again received as defiance and started the ‘Bishops’ War’ -
Result of James I plantation policy : Irish catholics decided to rebel against english protestant colonists taking their land.
→ Massacre of 3000/4000 protestants -
Voted by Parliaments in order to expose all the King’s wrong doings.
→ Divide parliament in two groups : Parliamentarians and Royalists -
The king realized a breach of privilege by marching into the House of commons to arrest 5 MP’s. -
The King declared War on Parliament and lost to it’s new model army, forcing him to surrender
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The King allied with Scotts to defeat Parliament.
He was yet again defeated by Cromwell’s army. -
England isn’t a monarchy anymore, the Commonwealth is instaured.
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England is led by the people and stabilized by ‘The Military Protectorate’
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England’s first and only constitution -
Military dictatorship → ruled by Cromwell (Lord Protector)
Extremely similar to monarchy -
The English invaded Jamaica which was previously a Spanish colony
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He managed to restore monarchy
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Rumor of a plot to murder Charles II so that his brother would replace him -
Parliament tried to debar James II from the succession to the throne, revoking his ‘divine right’
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William of Orange takes over the throne -
Important document that limited the monarchy’s powers and allowed to make it constitutional -
Ensured a protestant succession while abolishings the belief in Divine Right -
Creation of United Kingdom of Great Britain -
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The Jacobites were James II supporters after he was ejected from the throne in England -
The rise of party politics birthed the Whigs, supporters of the Glorious Revolution
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They were defeated at Culloden -
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Another party supporting the Stuarts -
Influenced by Frenchs and American, Ireland who was essentially a British collony raised against British Rule -
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was born