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Friend of de Lesseps, gives him the concession to set up the Suez Canal Company Followed by his nephew
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caused a dramatic increase in cotton imports to Britain
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His rule brought more spending and borrowing.
Reason: He aimed to turn Egypt into a powerful, semi-independent modern state.
large debt that led to dual control over Egypt's finances from French and British. -
The Suez Canal was constructed in 1869 allowing faster sea transport to India, which increased Britain's long-standing strategic interest in the Eastern Mediterranean. Britain established a protectorate over Cyprus in 1878, and to suppress a nationalist revolt that threatened its interests, occupied Egypt in 1882. Britain then established a permanent military presence in Egypt. Protectorates were held over most of the Gulf states by 1900
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Egypt took on large debts from British and French bankers to fund railways, telegraphs, and army reforms.
Reason: Modernization ambitions exceeded state revenues, drawing Britain into Egyptian finances.
Baring fixed this through cutbacks to military an bureaucracy. -
Disraeli secured a loan for £4,000,000 from the Rothschilds to finance the purchase.
Reason: To guarantee British influence over the canal and pre-empt French dominance. -
institution that took over Egypt to supervise debt repayments. control over finances, then later administration
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'Egypt for the Egyptians' Under Arabi Pasha. Aimed to depose Tewfik and remove foreign influence in Egypt. Followed increasing unrest about the amount of taxes British ministers had imposed on Egypt, and the cutting of the army by 2/3, creating unemployment. Britain sent gunboats to Alexandria after 50 Europeans were killed in riots. Garnet Wolseley won the Battle of Tel El Kebir on Sep 13 and Arabi was captured. British troops occupied Egypt.
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Britain and France pressured the Ottoman Sultan to remove him Due to poor economy, after attempted modernisation schemes. Replaced by his son Tewfiq. British and French ministers are brought in to handle the Egyptian economy, with British Commissioner Lord Dufferin placed in charge of government revenues.
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Sudanese religious leader Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself the Mahdi (“Guided One”).
Mahdi=spiritual leader who will restore religion and justice
Why important: This united widespread anger against oppressive Egyptian rule (acting under British influence), high taxation, slave trade restrictions, and economic hardship. -
Cleric Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself the Mahdi in June, created a Jihadist army. after they defeated Anglo Egyptian forces at the battle of Shakyan, Gladstone sent Gordon to oversee withdrawal. Gordon stayed, called for reinforcements. Public pressure for gladstone to provide relief, so he sent soldiers, but they arrives too late. Gordon became a national martyr, e.g. painting 'General Gordon's last stand
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appointed due to pressure from the Urabist movement.
During the final months of the revolt, from roughly 1 July 1882 to 13 September 1882, he held the position of Prime Minister while still controlling the military. -
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Egypt is defacto British colony under nominal ottoman rule. various puppet ruler put in place (Khedive) with British overseers (consul-general). veiled protectorate
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Violence erupted between Egyptians and Europeans. 50 europeans killed and 100 Egyptians killed.
Reason: Rising anger at European control and fear of foreign intervention.
Gladstone and French sent combined gunboat fleet to intervene. The bombardment of Alexandria resulted in Tewfik being restored as puppet ruler. Consul-General Evelyn Baring was set up to rule indirectly and British troops remained in Egypt. -
British forces shelled the city after tensions escalated.
Reason: Britain claimed to protect the Suez Canal and Europeans (after the riots) ; it was also a prelude to full intervention. -
Urabi's forces defeated by the British in a battle lasting little over an hour. this led to the British occupation of Egypt
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The occupation effectively began.
Reason: To stabilize the country under a “veiled protectorate” that maintained nominal Ottoman and Khedival rule but ensured real British control. -
A 10,000–12,000-strong Egyptian army under British officer William Hicks was annihilated.
Why important: The largest Egyptian force in Sudan was wiped out, making Mahdist control of most of the countryside inevitable.
in the woods of Shaykan near Kashgil near the town of El-Obeid. -
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The British then decided to pull out of Sudan and in early 1884 sent Charles Gordon, former governor of part of south Sudan, to organise the withdrawal. However, Gordon was not committed to the British government's plan and he delayed long enough to be trapped in Khartoum by the Mahdi's forces. A relief expedition lead by General Wolseley came too late.
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Secured international loans for Egypt, solidified British economic influence, Military Personnel and political/economic advisors put in place
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succeeded by Khalifa Abdullah. Internal resistance, famine and disease led to a fractured rule.
Afther the Mahdi died in June 1885, a Mahdist state had been established with its capital a few miles from Khartoum at Omdurman. -
Mahdist forces overran Khartoum; Gordon was beheaded.
Why important: A symbolic Mahdist victory and major humiliation for Britain. Created the independent Mahdist state. -
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nationalist party revived as an underground movement by the educated Egyptian middle classes. the received funding from the German government.
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After reconquering Sudan, Kitchener's forces intercepted a French military expedition led by Marchand. both sides claimed the upper Nile belonged to them. 3 November 1898, the French ceded the area to the British
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General Sir Herbert Kitchener (commander in chief for the Egyptian army) led Britain to a victory using maxim guns. 1899 Sudan became a condominium. 10,000 Mahdists killed, 47 British. Kitchener was brutal as he was part of the relief expedition to collect Gordon that arrived late. Kitchener ordered the Mahdi's head.
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Run in practice by Britain with Egyptian support
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100 in 1885
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clash between British officers and Egyptian villagers led to the arrest of 52 villagers, 4 sentenced to death, 26 flogged. this provoked further backlash.
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tighter press censorship from 1909
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66 elected, 17 appointed. only represented rich landowners.
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needed control of the Suez Canal as world war 1 broke out. the khedive (an ally of the Ottoman Empire, who was part of the central powers) was deposed. His successor, Hussein Kamel, was compelled to declare himself independent of the ottomans
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