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Shanghai Massacre where GMD forces brutally and unexpectedly massacred many left-wing affiliates. This fanned the flame that would become the Chinese Civil War and allowed Chiang Kai Shek to assume power. Ultimately this incident would lead to a huge rise in tensions and basically set forth a train that would not be derailed.
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3 This first public text issued under
the aegis of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) consisted of three sections: “Communists’ Ideals,” “Communists’ Objectives,” and “Recent Conditions
in the Class Struggle.” -
in the first congress of the CCP was convened in the French Concession in Shanghai -
A large contingent of advisers from the Comintern also advised on political matters, and assisted the GMD’s efforts to build a modern and strong army at the newly founded military institute, the Whampoa Military Academy (Huangpu junguan xuexiao), modeled on Moscow’s Red Army Academy
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forged a coalition of nationalists, the CCP, and the Soviet Union. -
to study military and party organization, so that when the Whampoa Military Academy opened, Chiang was the obvious first choice for the position of commander.
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helped
the CCP to increase its membership, and enabled communists to develop personal relations with GMD soldiers and officials in organizations such as
the Whampoa Military Academy that would prove invaluable in later years. -
January 1924 - May 1926: communist influence grew in the GMD and CCP had just under 1,000 members January 1925 - April 1927: CCP had 58,000 members
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Period of time including the actual long march (34-35) that involved the CCP being in very poor condition. Long March itself consisted of Mao Zedong leading the Red Army in a year-long retreat from Chiang Kai-Shek's forces. The march created a wave of fervor in the CCP and the communists, who rallied to fight back the GMD until 1949. Phase 2 ends with the capture of Chiang Kai Shek and forcing of him into negotiations with Mao zedong in the Xi'an incident. Zhang Xuelliang was the kidnapper
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By June 1928, most land in the area had been confiscated by the new power and redistributed to poor and landless peasants. The new
owners of the land then had to pay levies to the new authorities. Not surprisingly, these radical social policies were met with virulent opposition not only
by the landlords, but also by many peasants—including even those who had received plots through redistribution. -
Having repulsed the
third campaign of the GMD military in September, the CCP leadership felt strong enough to use the party plenum in November 1931 to proclaim itself
the government of the newly constituted Chinese Soviet Republic. -
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. By the end of 1931, thousands of local Jiangxi communists had been arrested and killed. To be sure, Mao was not the only one behind the purges.
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The CCP marched more than 9,000 kilometers from Jiangxi to Shaanxi to survive attacks from Chiang Kai Sheks Nationalists. They stopped at the town of Zunyi in Guizhou province in early January 1935. A five-day battle with GMD forces over a crossing at the Xiang River destroyed half the army. Because of this backdrop of defeats and losses the ccp decided to put Mao back in charge. The march lasted a year ending in October 1935.
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Chaing Kai-Shek gets kidnapped for a little shindig and the Sino-Japanese war begins and they take a break to be great friends! Unfortunately, that doesn't last as China is a mess and no central authority exists. Chiang Kai-Shek realizes communism is stinky and attempts to kill them all after Japan capitulates. This leads to all-out war.
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The Second United Front was a temporary alliance between Chinese Nationalists(KMT) and Chinese Communists(CCP) to fight Japanese invasion from 1937-1945. They united to defend China and after they defeated Japan, the civil war between them resumed. -
Japan is defeated by Chineses CCP and KMT and they resume their civil war between two parties again
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GMD controls vast majority of Chinas land circa 1947 and is advised to not overextend by Americans.
Mao had been trying to claim Chiang was "the running dog" of the americans, the Americans responded by imposing an arms embargo and sending aid to Chiang. Shortly after, Chiang declares all out war.
As a result, most if not all land is lost within a two year period.
book page 341 -
Mao Zedong and CCP gained support through rural population and through land redistribution. The KMT government was weakened by corruption within the party and inflation, also the army has weakened since fighting for the last years. The red army was able to win several key battles using Mao's guerrilla tactics. The KMT were pushed back and eventually retreated to Taiwan where they would eventually set up their government. In October 1949, Mao declared the People's Republic of China
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Republic of China (PRC) was created, and shifted the balance of central versus local interests in favor of the central state
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child marriage and concubinage were discouraged, free spousal choice was encouraged, It encouraged women to learn about law and rights -
This treaty is not to be confused with the one signed in 1945. The treaty laid the groundwork for Sino-Soviet cooperation and partnership. It provided China with security guarantees, and increased the scope for economic cooperation between the two countries.
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A series of urban campaigns that focused on eliminating political opponents by forcing them into submission. These campaigns were also meant to reeducate people who held pro-nationalist or pro-US views.
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The law redistributed land from landlords to peasants, trying to reduce rural inequalities. The new directives urged the work teams to safeguard the economically important farms of small and mid-sized land owners and to avoid disrupting the viability of the rural economy.
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Foreign organizations and merchants were forced out of China through voluntary departure or by deportation -
stalin dies -
Following the Korean War, Mao Zedong and the CCP decided to prioritise economic development. Drawing on his experiences during a 1949 trip to Moscow, Mao embraced the Soviet ‘five year plan’ model for economic development. It set ambitious goals for industries and areas of production deemed priorities by the CCP.
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The Korean War was a civil war that lasted for three years between the North Korean People's Army, South Korea, and their respective allies. North Korea was backed most notably by Russia and China, while South Korea was supported by the United States. After years of fighting and millions of dead, an armistice was reached between the two sides. Korea was once again divided along the thirty-eighth parallel, and the two countries have remained separate since.
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The first cahpter focused on the equality between the Han nationality and the other fifty-five minority nationalities. The second chapter focused on the rights and duties of the country’s citizen. It guarantees the equality of each citizen and it prohibits racial discrimination and oppression.The third chapter talks about the State Institutions, election of president, and etc. The last chapter stipulates the national flag, the national emblem and the capital of PRC.
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Focus on agriculture first, with light and heavy industry following closely behind. Liu thought advancements in industry could help the farmers with equipment. Cooperatives: tools and workloads are shared even though families still owned specific plots of farmland. This was ~1953 and not endorsed by Mao. Collectives: farmers work the land with shared equipment, but do not own any land themselves. They are paid in grain and/or wages.
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A time when Mao wanted people to make steel in their backyards and people with no hukou were pushed to back to the countryside
2 goals: food and industrialization book: 408-447 (page 356) Policy to speed up the transition to communism by organizing a mass mobilization of workers and peasants to increase production (in the hopes that it would solve the economic crisis). Spoiler alert: It failed at this and worsened crises and contributed to a famine from 1959-1961. -
In 1955, Zhou signs a directive to extend the household registration system to the countryside, giving hukou more of a legal basis.
book: 410
In 1958, this is made the legal rule for the entire country. Pinned peasants to their place of residence. Was a response to the rapidly depleting agricultural workforce and rapidly increasing urban population. Attempted to address economic problems like urban unemployment and low productivity. -
Mao loosened his hold on criticism but it did not last long. Ends in May 1957. Many writers who criticized Mao and the CCP were imprisoned. Common critiques were the lack of democratic power. -
Story follows a new CCP member checking in on a factory. The story illustrates how the CCP was mismanaged and would selectively report info higher up the chain. Published under Hundred Flowers author was later punished.
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disclosed stalin's brutality. Communism loses global reputation. Deng was there. Mao leans back into revolutionary rhetoric. -
Mao encouraged intellectuals to voice criticisms, which later backfired and led to the Anti-Rightist Campaign.
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Yao (protagonist) debating whether to go home for the new years.
Shows how the CCP wants the state to come before the individual's family. Yao not completely emotionally on board Link to canvas (may or may not work): week 10 -
The general line for socialist construction - speed is key -
A government-controlled push to create enough industry to catch up to Western powers and simultaneously produce enough food for a growing population.
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Letter to Mao that critiques The Great Leap Forward
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The play Hai Rui Dismissed From Office was criticized for its anti authoritarian viewpoint. Peng Zhen (beijing mayor) tried to limit the printing of this article because his boss actually published the play! Peng Zhen was purged.
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Government official who criticizes The Great Leap Forward. Points out its errors and suggests stopping now. His critiques are very measured and not combative. Mao labeled him a counter-revolutionary and he fell from grace. Was locked up and kept from power. Check the Cultural Revolution to what ended up happening to him.
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An abject failure with neither industry nor agriculture matching the goals and leading to an estimated 27 million dead
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Mao's attempt to catch up ended terribly. This led to him willingly stepping away from direct power for a time. Due to the famine city hukou were flooded even more despite the stated goal of pushing people to the countryside. Lots of steel was rendered unusable and lots of dead people. Deeply damaged the trust the CCP had between themselves and those out in the countryside. This led many farmers to reject the communes and hold on to their grain. (Pages 446-447)
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Irregular precipitation from 1959 to 1961 causes worsening food shortages in the countryside and becomes a national crisis in 1960. Estimates say 27 million to 30 million people died as a result of the Great Leap Forward.
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Relations with Russia tank and China can no longer rely on external help, creating internal isolation
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the precursor for cultural revolution. Mao started "cleansing" officials of questionable loyalty.
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Greatest propaganda film of all time -
Through the extensive spread and use of propaganda (such as the famous Little Red Book), Mao cements himself within the party as a leader with a preeminence almost unmatched by any to precede him.
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Members of the Five Black Categories* (right-wingers, landlords, 'bad elements', rich farmers, and counter-revolutionaries) are humiliated, beaten, and killed en masse by Red Guards as well as average citizens. *As opposed to the Five Red Categories: peasants, workers, and revolutionary soldiers/cadres/martyrs, who were favored by the party
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Group of students who wanted to rebel following Maoist thought. The young who were born in the Mao sauce, molded by it. They smashed cultural relics and beat and paraded people through the streets to atone for the arbitarily defined crime of being counterrevolutionary.
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This was the formation of the Red Guard. Mao was in attendance in military uniform and encouraged the students to keep the revolution going. This is where Song be militant came from
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Original Red Guard members were being attacked by the people who they were attacking. The children of the Landlords and others of capitalist families started leading attacks on Red Guards and government leaders. Lots and Lots of violence. (1960s-1970s)
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Students attack teachers and parents
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The Red Guard was a student movement that was focused on hunting down anti-revolutionaries (people of authority and families related to the GMD and Landlords) were extremely violent and caused a lot of chaos.
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Burn the Four Olds! (customs, culture, habits, ideas)
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Mao swims across the Yangtze, and declares that the masses must take charge of the revolution, independent of the party.
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formation of revolutionary committees
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Liu Shaoqi was against many of Mao's policies, and was placed under house arrest. He was considered the possible successor to Mao, but was purged from the government because he challenged Mao. He was chairman of the standing committee and Vice chairman of the CCP. -
Nearing the end of the Cultural Revolution Mao told the students/Red Guard to go and work in the countryside. However, this led to many people becoming disillusioned by seeing the results of the Great Leap Forward. They also were less monitored and were able to think of their own ideas. 1970ish. This also had the effect of disbanding the Red Guard
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Mao gave mangos to work parties. This was the beginning of Workers taking charge of the revolution. -
Nie Yuanzi, a teacher made a poster about how the Beijing school is trying to contain revolutionary fervor. This was endorsed by Mao and students everywhere rebelled against their schools.
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He was mao's newest guy.
He mysteriously died in a plane crash with his family, and the chinese govt said they tried to start a coup against mao and died. -
"Those representatives of the bourgeoisie who have sneaked into the Party... and various spheres of culture are a bunch of counter-revolutionary revisionists. Once conditions are ripe, they will seize political power and turn the dictatorship of the proletariat into a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. Some of them we have already seen through; others we have not. Some are still trusted by us and are being trained... persons like Khrushchev... who are still nestling beside us."
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He was called back because Mao and Zhou enlai were dying and the CCP needed a successor. he was working at a tractor repair shop.
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Zhou was disdained by the Gang of Four, who feared him as a force of opposition to them. He would later go on to become the chairman of the CCP.
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Following the death of Zhou Enlai, and the removal of displays honoring him, citizens labeled as "counter-revolutionary" by the Gang of Four gathered in the Square in protest, later ordered to be removed by the police.
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The gang of four: Jaing Qing (Mao's Wife), Zhaing Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, Wang Hongwen were judged as treasonous cadres and blamed for the consequences of the revolution -
Deng returns to power as Vice Chairman and promotes science and education as one of the four modernizations. "China must catch up with the most advanced countries of the world". pg 487 -
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"We will resolutely uphold whatever policy decisions Chairman Mao made, and unswervingly follow whatever instructions Chairman Mao gave" - Deng described the "Two Whatevers" as being contrary to the essence of Marxism. -
President Jimmy Carter announced that diplomatic relations between the United States and the PRC would begin at the start of 1979. Following the start of the year, Deng Xiaoping visited America. Deng is photographed wearing a cowboy hat, demonstrating that it was fine for Chinese people to engage in American culture. Deng believed working with the United States could open invaluable opportunities for U.S. technology to transfer to China. -
A movement in which posters were displayed on a wall which described the abuse and suffering people faced caused by the Cultural Revolution. The posters demanded the CCP learn from their mistakes and give the people more democracy. Those who participated were eventually made to register with the police and the leaders were arrested and jailed. -
A system where individual factories under a state-run industry could be formed and keep portions of the profits. They had the autonomy to build a local economy that encouraged a collective society in rural villages. This enabled the economy of China to propel forward and lifted up much of rural China. -
In July 1979, the coastal provinces of Guandong and Fujian were designated as the cities to launch China's open-door policy. A year later, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, and Xiamen were chosen by the central government to serve as special economic zones. The government's intention was to channel foreign capital, advanced technologies, and foreign expertise into export-oriented production and processing centers. -
Under the household responsibility system, individual households were given responsibility for managing and producing crops on their allocated land. The system allowed them to keep or distribute any surplus produced after meeting state quotas. This new system shifted the focus from collective farming to family-based production, leading to increased agricultural output and economic growth. -
Citizens in Beijing started placing "big character posters" on walls demanding increased civil rights like democracy, which would be considered a fifth modernization. Gained worldwide attention and criticized Deng's continuation of CCP suppression. Wei Jingsheng was an activist during this time who was jailed for his work speaking out against Deng. -
In the summer of 1984, Deng began using the term "socialism with Chinese characteristics." This term allowed Deng to promote his goal of establishing market-oriented economic policies. Additionally, with this term, Deng promoted his reforms in the areas of industry, commerce, science, and education. He was able to spread these ideas while maintaining party rule and loyalty to socialist values. -
After the Tiananmen Square Massacre, the CCP had little government support. They wanted to rebuild China into a nation that was proud of itself, and one that had a strong people built on the base of unbreakable nationalism.
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In 1989, Mikhail Gorbachev visited Beijing to show that Chinese-Soviet relations were back on track after being broken since 1963. -
Deng didn’t want to accept the protests in fear that they would then spread to other cities. On June 3, troops were sent to Tiananmen Square with clear orders and opened fire on the public. This response squashed the revolution while also severely damaging the reputation of the Chinese government. -
The largest spontaneous protest movement for political change and democracy since the founding of the People’s Republic. Protests began following the death of Hu Yaobang. Students took to the streets to protest Deng’s denouncing of the movement and the movement grew quickly. Students demanded a meeting with party leaders to discuss terms. Some students began a hunger strike to demand democracy. As the students health began to decline, the public joined in the protests. -
After the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989, the Chinese government promoted nationalism to regain its legitimacy and restore stability. Nationalism became a way to shift attention away from political reform and strengthen the CCP's control.
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Gentlemen, This is Democracy Manifest -
After the Tiananmen massacre, the leadership within China began closing ranks. Jiang Zemin served as general secretary from 1989 to 2002 and president from 1993 to 2003. -
(1) Strengthening of competition within public administration among countries and provinces
(2) Devaluation of China's currency, the renminbi
(3) Barriers to rural-to-urban migration were lowered (people could now move from rural to urban for work)
(4) Tax reform
(5) Reduction of the state-owned enterprise sector
(6) Determining how and to what extent China's economy should be lined to international economy -
This event was a large spark that showed the government just how patriotic the people had become, and how willing they were to protect and defend their country.
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This bombing had allowed for the Chinese government to push for popular nationalism even further, showing the people that they are being attacked by outsiders for their ideals and they need to protect themselves as a nation. -
China's diplomacy turned toward multilateralism and began building "constructive strategic partnerships" with America and other powers. China embraced multilateralism because it wanted to end its international isolation after the Tiananmen Square massacre and increase its influence in the world. Additionally, they wanted to be recognized as a "responsible great power" by the international community. -
This was a big step in opening up China's economy to the world and becoming more connected to the global market. Joining the WTO was part of China's plan to modernize its economy and strengthen its position internationally. -
In a move to propel China toward an advanced economy, Jiang outlined the need for the three represents. They are:
1. Advanced productive forces
-"new elites" - the frontline workers
2. Advanced culture
-Intellectuals
3. Fundamental interests of overwhelming majority All were brought into the party in an attempt to build "Communism with Chinese Characteristics". -
In March 2003, Hu was elected president of China by the National People's Congress.
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Chinese nationalism after the 1990s was shaped by the feelings of historical humiliation and national pride. In order to promote nationalism the CCP showed how much suffering and humiliation Chinese people endured at the hands of foreign invaders. After all of this "humiliation", the party shared the narrative that China had to become strong and modern.
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An emotional appeal for national rejuvenation and military greatness promoted by Xi Jinping. He believed the rejuvenation needed the support of every Chinese citizen in order to be effective. He also believed that the dream would only be fulfilled by following the goal devised by the CCP. -
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In November 2012, Hu Jintao stepped down and the party congress elected Xi Jinping. Xi Jinping was officially elected to replace Hu Jintao by the National People's Congress in March 2013.
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After coming into power, the Xi Jinping administration announced they would be fighting against the corruption threatening the party. Xi Jinping's solution to fighting corruption was to crack down on "tigers and flies". Throughout Xi's anti-corruption campaign, he removed some of the most powerful men in the country and sidelined even more lower-ranking officials.
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This program, built by Xi Jinping, looked to revive the ancient silk roads by building ports, roads, rail, and telecommunications links in 68 countries, all connecting with China. This project was designed to build infrastructure, spread wealth, and drive global development, but China also pushed this project to gain access to key resources.
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me in Chongqing