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Starting in 1845, a terrible famine hit Ireland. There main crop, the potato, was devasted and many were starving. As a result, between 1845-1855 around 2 million Irish immigrated from Ireland to North America. In America, these immigrates were often met with terrible working and living conditions as well as racism.
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In 1857 the Irish Catholic group the Sisters of the Good Shepard founded their first establishment in New York City. The Sisters of the Good Shepard mission was to help irish women who had fallen under hard circumstances and were no long sexual pure. The sisters believed that economic independence was central to a womens moral and sexual virtue. The helped train women in domestic services.
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After Robert E Lees surrender on April 9th, the Civil War was effectively ended and Confederate officals began to surrender as well. Confederate Jefferson Davis hoped to flee to a sympathetic nation and refused to except defeat. Davis was captured by Union forces while wearing a womens shaw. He was imprisoned for two years after his arrest.
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The second industrial revolution was characterized by rapid scientific discovery, standarization, mass production, and industrialization. In the United States, it took place between 1870-1914. The time was also characterized by worked explotation and concentration of mass amounts of wealth
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The Gilded Age was a period in American History after the Civil War that was characterized by rapid industrialization, immigration, and urbanization. There was severe political corruption, explotation of workers, greedy and growing corporations, and decreasing economic opportunity for many. There was also rapid economic growth.
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In 1872, Yellowstone became the first national park in the world. The area was known for its gysers, hot springs, canyons, waterfalls, forest, and wildlife. Prior to its creation as a national park, humans had been in the region for around 11,000 years.
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During the Civil War, the federal government issues greenback paper money that was not back by gold or silver. Following the war, inflation ran rampid. To stabilize money, the gov accounced that greenbacks would be back by gold. This left many farmers unable to pay their debts. Angry, the formed the greenback labor party which sought the conitnued issuances of greenbacks, regulation of railroads and cooperations, and environmental conservation.
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In 1874, Elbridge Gerry founded the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Chidlern in New York City. Prior to, no laws were in existence that protected childern. Child abuse and work place endangerment were common. The movement for child protection was influenced by many religious groups. The society tried to provide child protection and organize a foster care system
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Starting in the 1870s and 1880s, the american farmers alliance formed. The alliance sought to economic conditions for farmers. They also sought to increase political strength and power.
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Built on the concept of "kill the indian, save the man" the Carlisle Inudstrail School was the first institutional Native American boarding school in the United States. Here, Native childern were taken from their homes and forces to assimluation into white culture, everything native was to stripped away. The school offical closed in 1918.
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The Carlisle Indian Industrial school was the first federally funded native american boarding school in the united states. The school was ran under the motto "kill the indian, save the man." The purpose of the school was to acculturate native american childern into anglo-american society and therefore destroy native american culture. the condition that the students that went here endured were horrible. -
The Socialist Labor Party was originally established in 1876 but would later change their name in 1880. The majority of the movement was composed of German immigrants. The party advocated for "socialist industrial unionism."
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The Progressive Era was an area during and after the Gilded Age in which there was wide spread social activism and political reform across the US that focused on eliminating corruption. The Progressives aim that making society a better place. Progressive reformers fought for a wide range of issues like womens suffereage, labor reform, economic reform, environmental protection, and welfare for the poor.
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Orginally published in 1881, this book was written by former and only Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Jefferson wrote the book to detail the histroy of the Confederate States of America. He starts with the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and then covers the Civil War all the way until the readmission of the Southern states into the Union. He also notes what he believes to be the causes of the war.
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The American charter of the red cross was orginally founded in may of 1881 in Washington D.C. Inspired by the international swiss red cross. Their mission was to provide compassionate care to those affected by natural diseasters and war. They also provided blood, money, education and international relief and development.
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The Immigration Act of 1882 was meant to curb the influx of Chinese immigrants into the United States, particulary in the west. The act banned Chinese immigration into the United States for 10 years and declared chinese ineligible of naturalization. Many in the west saw the need for this act as they blamed the chinese for poor wages and economic ills.
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Francis Galton was a progressive who became known as "the father of eugenics." Galton believed that the human race should be regulated through marriage and sexual relations. Galton promoted postive eugenics, which encouraged that people with "physically and mentally superior" breed with each other. Galton was also responsible for the idea of fractional inheritance.
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The Vanderbilt Ball was an excellent display of Gilded Age wealth. The costume ball was host in the French style Vanderbilt mansion which took up an entire block. The party cost millions of dollars and only the wealthiest and most influential families were invited. Alvsa Vanderbilt threw the party to both display here opulent wealth and to join the New York elite.
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In late 1885 in Mississippi and South Carolina, the first black codes were written into law designed to oppress Africa Americans. In Mississippi, African Americans were required to have written evidence of employment. In South Carolina black people were prohibited from having a job other than a farmer or a servant. Many similar laws in other states would soon follow.
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In 1886 the United Labor party formed in New York, New York. The party was a coalition of 115 different labor parties or unions. The party challenged republicans and democrats in state and local elections. They almost one the mayor of New York in 1886 but instead lost to the democratic candidate.
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Gifted to the US by the French the statue of liberty was designed to mark the countries 100 anviersity of independence and their friendship with france. The statue was brought to the United States in several difference parts and was assembled mainly by new immigrant workers. The statue was met with much love and admiration by americans.
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The 1887 Dawes Act gave the president power to break up alloted native land into small and sale the land to nonnatives. The act was meant to force native people to assimulate into white society. The government stripped over 90 million acres of land from natives. In order to recieve land natives had to enroll in with the bureau of indian affairs. Natives were paid very poorly for the land
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In 1889 Jane Addams opened the Hull House as a place to offer accomdation and education to impoverished residents. The Hull House was located in Chicago in a densly populated neighbor of poor and diverse residents. The house provided education, an employment bureau, libraries, daycare facilities, English and citizen classes, and much more
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Based on the constitutional power to regulate interstate commerce, the act was designed to restore competition . The Sherman Anti-Trust Act authorized the federal government to institute proceedings against trust in order to break them up. According to the act, any combination “in the form of trust or otherwise that was in restraint of trade or commerce among states or with foreign nations” was declared illegal.
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In 1890, the United States Census Bureau had declared the frontier closed. They claimed that the west was effectively settled and there were no more tracts of land that new settlers could obtain.The 1890 census declared that the frontier line, a point where population density was less two person per square mile no longer existed.
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In 1891, 11 Italian Americans and immigrants in New Orleans, Louisiana were lynched by a mob for their alledged role in the murder of police chief David Hennessy. Some of those lynched had been aquitted in court of the crime. This lynching became the largest mass lynching in the United States.
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The Phoenix Indian Boarding School was one of many boarding schools in the United States that were created and designed to Americanize the indigenous population. Much of the schools early operation included cutting off of cultural ties and assimulation into military life. Natives from all over the Southwest attended the school and faced terrible conditions.
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Founded in 1891, the populist party was a left-wing agrarian peoples party in the United States. Amoung many other things, the populist goals were federal ownership of railroads, direct election of senators, and bimetalism. The populist party sought to help farmers who were going through hard times.
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During a national recession in 1893, George Pullman laid off hundreds of workers, severely cut the wages of those still working and refused to lower rent or prices . To fight injustice Eugene V. Debs and the American Railway Union organized a boycott. thousands of workers joined the boycott, effectively disrupting railroad travel and commerce. The federal government soon sent troops to deal with the problem in Illinois. The result was bloody and over 30 strikers died with many more injured.
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The United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) were founded in 1894 in Nashville Tn. The womens group was founded by female descendents of Civil War soilders as a way to commenorate confedarcy hertiage. The group was responsible for funding monuments and promoting the Lost Cause ideology.
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In1892, African American Homer Plessy refused to in a car for black people. Plessy filed a case that a 1890s law had violated the Equal Protection Clause under the 14th amendment. The court ruled against Plessy, claiming that seperate but equal facilities were constitutional.
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William Jennings Bryan was a politician from Nebraska that ran in the presidency race three times. His first time was in 1896. Bryan campaigned under many workers rights issues as well as money backed by silver. Bryan campaigned all around the nation but lost to William Mckinley whose campaign was backed by wallstreet and the oligarchy.
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Starting in 1901 1909, Theodore Roosevelt incoporated many acres into the national park system, giving him the nickname "the conservation president". He did create the first park as in 1872 Yellowstone was dedicated. But he did sign into law the creation of Crater Lake, Wind Cave, Sullys Hill, Mesa Verde, and Platt. He also enacted the antiquities act in 1906.
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This act was passed in 1906 by president theodore roosevelt. The act gave the president the power to set aside land historical, scientific,cultural, and ecological preservation. The act reflected the progressive attitudes of the need to preserve nature.
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Starting around 1910 until 1970, approximately 6 million African Americans moved from the rural south to urban locations in the north and the west. Much this migration was due to poor economic conditions in the south for African Americans and racial discrimation and segration such as the jim crow laws. Many families moved to urban areas in hopes to recieve jobs.
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Starting around 1910 until 1970, approximately 6 million African Americans moved from the rural south to urban locations in the north and the west. Much this migration was due to poor economic conditions in the south for African Americans and racial discrimation and segration such as the jim crow laws. Many families moved to urban areas in hopes to recieve jobs.
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On march 25 in 1911, The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory caught on fire and killed 146 people. Most of the workers that worked in the factory were teenage women who were immigrants. In the building there was only one elevator and the stairway was locked to prevent stealing. The tragedy did lead to laws and regulations that better protected workers.
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The progressive party was formed in 1912. It was headed by Theodore Rooselvet after he had broken away from the republican party. Although he lost the 1912 election, it was the only time a third party had recieved more votes than the two main parties. The progressive party adovacated for social, moral, and economic reform.
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The antitrust act of 1912 worked to make illegal "Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations." The act also worked to prohibit any monopolization or attempt to monopolize interstate commerce. The act divided William Taft and Teddy Rooselvet.
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In 1915, Benjamin De Witt, a professor at New York Univeristy attempted to write the first history of the progressive era. De Witt promised to give clarity and definitiveness to the chaotic movement that had confused so many. This didn't really work, as many as still confused as to what unified the progressives.
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In 1915 a screenplay entilted birth of nation was released. The film followed 2 white families in the 1860s. The film depicted the KKK as heroes and African Americans as lazy and inferior. The film resienated with many any inspired a resurgence of the KKK in the 1920s.
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Founded in 1917 the Junior American Red Cross was a youth program of the American Red Cross. The organization was inspired and took life during ww2. kids in the JRC would raise money, roll bandages, write to those in foreign countries, prepare relief baskets and many more things. One of the goals of the JRC was to estblish international relationships and respect.
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The Trading the Enemy Act was passed in the midst of WWI. Under the Act, the US president had the power to oversee and restrict all trade between the United States and its enemies during the war. This act passed the power of regulating trade out of congress's hand and gave to the president for war time emerengcies. The act was passed for the safety of US people.
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Also called the Barred Zone Act, the Immigration Act of 1917 barrier essentially all immgiration from Asia into the United States. The act also made it so that literacy test were required in order to restrict immigration from poor europeans. The act was passed in order to prevent undesirables from entering the US.
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In april of 1917 the United States offically ended their policy of neutrality and enter the fighting of WWI. The U.S. congress first declared war on Germany and two days later on Austria-Hungry. U.S entry had been prompted by unrestricted submarine warfare from the German navy and the Zimmerman Telegram.
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Also called the Spanish-Flu the influenze pandemic was the most deadly pandemic in modern history. The pandemic took place at the end of WWI and last around two years. In that two years, just in the US alone over 675,000 people killed from the flu. It is estimated at nearly 35% of the world contracted the flu. No effective treatment was found.
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Not even a year after the United States entered WWI, the fighting was ended on November 11, 1918. The United States helped turn the tide of the war by providing supplies and troops. Around 115,000 Americans were killed in the fighting. Despite Wilson being a prominant figure in the peace talks, the united states failed to ratify the treaty of versailles.
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Though this revolution happened in russia, it had a major impact on america. During WWI, the russian tsar was displaced, the provisional government was outed, and a socialist form of government led by vladmir lenin came into place. In the United States, Americans became very fearful of socialist and communist after this revolution.
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The 18th amendment effectively the manufacture, sale, transportation, and important of alcohol. From around the 1880s temperance movements had began to spring up acrossed america. Many white protestants believed that alcohol was a source of much evil that was happening in society. Many believed that banning alcohol would solve many of societies probelms.
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Passed by congress in June of 1919 and then later ratified in August of 1920, the 19th amendment granted women the right to vote. The amendment stated that "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." This amendment was schieved through decades of protest.
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The 1920s saw the resurgence of the Klu Klux Klan. Many middle and lower class, white protestant men joined the Klan. Like its predecessor, the Klan was violently racist. Many in the klan were fearful of new immigrants that were coming into american, taking jobs, and changing the culture. The klan was violent towards anyone that did not fit into their anglo protestant, white male stereotype.
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In the Harlem neighborhood in New York, starting around 1920 to 1930, the harlem reinassance took place. Because of the great migration, thousands of African Americans had migrated to the north. There, collaborated to create the golden age of African American literature and art. The reinassance was a cultural and intellectual of dance, music, art, theater, literature, songs, fashion, politics, and scholarship.
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Starting in the 1920s the jazz age strike the world. The impact of jazz was especially felt in the United States where jazz orginiated. During this age jazz music and dance become very popular. The jazz age was also very effected by the radio and youth culture. This age saw many of jazzes greatest artist.
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The Battle of Blair Mountain was part of the Coal Wars in West Viriginia and was the largest uprising in US history since the Civil War. One of the goals was to free miners who had been imprisoned. During the dispute up to 100 people were killed and many more were injured or arrested.
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The workers education bureau of america was founded in 1921 by unionist. The organization sought to assist labor colleges and other worker trainings centers involved in the labor movement in the US. The group recieved support from the american federal of labor and WEB Du Bois was one of the influential founders.
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In 1921 in Philidephia, young, female hosiery workers went on strike to demand better working conditions. The strikers protested the 54 hour work week and demanded better wages. As far as strikes go in the US, the strike was fairly successful and some of their demands were met.
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In 1924, Robert La Follette, a former republican senator and representative, and governor from Wisconsin ran for the presidency under the Progressive Party. La Follette sought to bring about many progressive ideas such as the breaking of monopolies and corruption coperations. La Follette got 16% of the popular vote and lost to Calvin Coolidge
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The 1924 immigration act was part of a series of immigration acts passed and designed to limiting the amount of foreigners legally allowed into the United States. The act completely prevented immigration from Asian countries and set strict national origin quotas for each country. The act was also paticularly target immigrants from eastern and southern europe.
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In 1924 the state of Viriginia passed the Virginia Racial Integrity Act, designed to stop the intermixing of races, define whiteness, and further suppressor people of color. The act required that birth certificates and marriage licenses include a persons color as either white or not white. Under the act, Native americans were classified as black and colored.
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in 1924, congress passed the indian citizenship act. This act granted all natives born into the united states citizenship. President coolidge was influenced by the high enlistment number of native americans during wwI. The right to vote was still largely governed by state law so many native americans did not recieve the right to vote.
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The emergency relief and constructin act was orginally passed by Hobert Hoover and then was expanded upon by FDR. With the act, federal funds were allocated to the states for them to create public works constructions and provided loans to them as well. The act was the first large-scale federal public welfare program. Under Hoover, all the relief act was kind of a disappointment.
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The first new deal began in march of 1933. It's goal was to address the immediate and urgent needs of citizens by creating jobs and providing welfare. Several acts were passed like the emergency banking act, civilian conservation corp, agricultural adjustment act, tennesse valley authority act, national housing act, securties exchange act, public works administration, and the national industrial recovery act.
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The 18th amendment was passed in 1919 and through it the manufacturing, transportation, and distribution of alcohol was m ad elegal in the United States. This amendment came after years of advocating for prohibition as many saw it as the root to evil. In 1933, congress passed the 21st amendment to the United States with effectively appeal the 18th amendment
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This Act was passed during the Great Depression by president FDR in order to try and stabilize the banking system. In this act was a plan to close down banks, and then reorangize them until they were ready to open. It also allowed the 12 federal reserve banks to issue additional currency to help the banks reopen.
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Also known as the Banking Act of 1933, the Glass- steagle act was part of FDR's first new deal. The act seperate commerical banking from investment banking. It also created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation of FDIC. With the FDIC, the federal government insures private bank deposits up to a certain amount. The Act was very debated and quite controversial at the time.
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The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 attempted to reverse the US policy of native american assimiluation. The act stopped the allotment of tribal land, granted money to reservations for economic development, and encouraged tribes to adopted a constitution amoung other things. This act also became known as the Indian New Deal, many Native American tribes rejected the act.
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This act was also part of FDR's new deal. The act oversaw the transfer of gold to the US treasury and prohibited the treasury and institutions from redeeming dollars for gold. The justification for this was because the government claimed that people were hoarding gold. The act also banned the export of gold, restricted the ownership of gold and halted the convertibility of gold into paper money
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To make a bad situation worse, the year 1934 saw the worst drought in United States histroy. Over 75 percent of the country was affect by this drought, meaning they were in it. And, about 27 states were severly affected with record-breaking lows. Coupled with other factors, the drought would help make the dust bowl come to pass.
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In August of 1935, president Frankin Delanor Roosevelt signed into law the social security bill. The bill was part of FDR's new deal. The bill aimed to help the eldery that were suffering during the great depression. in it's creation social security was also very racist because it excluded agricultural laborers and domestics servants, the majority of whom were african american.
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The Fair Labor Standards Act was one the the first act that included child labor laws. The act prohibited employment of minors in oppressive labor roles. The act set a minimum work age of 16 in industries like mining and manufacturing. The act also established minimum wage and overtime pay.
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On december 7th, 1941, the American naval base, Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii was attacked by japanese forces. The location and time of the attack was a suprising though the US knew that a japanese attack as coming as they had been pressing them. The attack killed over 2,400 people and destroyed millions of dollars worth of property damage.
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following the impactful japanese attack on pearl harbor, the United states promptly joined the second world war on the side of the allies. The US first declared war on japan. Following that, 3 days later Germany and Italy declared war on the United states. With war declared the united states start mass mobilizing its war effort.
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During WWII the War Production Board was formed. The purpose of the board was to help the transition from peacetime industries to wartime industries. The board was given ultimate authority to direct procurement of materials and industrial production programs. During the war the oversaw the production and allocation of materials and fuel.
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Starting in 1942 the United States formed a top secret government program, known as the manhattan project. the programs goal was to develop and deploy the first atomic weapons before germany did. The project combined scientific, military, and industrial efforts. The project was successful in dropping the first atomic bombs in 1945.
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the bracero program was a program between the united states and mexico. in this program healthy, young, mexican men with agricultural experience were able to work in the united states often seasonly on US farmers on short-term contract labror contracts. this program saw the exchange of around 5 million mexican workers.
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During the pacific theater fighitng of WW2, the united states dropped and atomic bomb on hiroshima japan, killing upwards of 135,000 people. Three days later, the united states dropped another bomb in nagasaki that killed around 80,000 men, women, and childern. Realizing that an invasion of japan would be costly and unwillingly to accept anything other and unconditional surrender, the US dropped the bombs in hopes that Japan would surrender.
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On August 9th, 1945 the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Japan, this time in the city of Nagaski. The US dropped the bomb to get Japan to surrender and also to showcase their strength to the soviet union. It is estimated that 40,000 Japanese were killed with hundreds of thousands of more injured.
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On the second of september, in 1945, japanese officals signed surrender documents on the US Missouri offically marking the end of WWII. This could come 3 months after the surrender of the third riech in germany and marked the end of the fight between the axis and the allied powers.
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In 1949 the United States passed the Agriculture Act to "provide assistence to the United States in the Establishment, maintence, operation, and expansion of the school-lunch programs." The act was suppose to also stablize the prize of agricultural commodities. The law offered farmers subsities in exchange for limiting produciton of certain products. The act was part of a continuation of the Agricultural Adjustment Act.
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operation wetback was a program passed by the United states to deal with illegal immigration from mexico. thousands mexican migrants had been crossing the us and mexico border mainly to work jobs in argiculture. The Us border patrol worker closely with the mexican border partol. around upward of 1 million mexicans were deported during operation wetback.