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Carolus Linnaeus
Linneaus created the very first system of naming organisms according to their genus ans species. Also, he adopted a nested classification system of grouping similar species into general categories. -
Hutton
The original theory of uniformitarianism was created by Hutton. This is one of the key principles of geology,because it explains the features of Earths crust by means of natural processes over geologic time. -
Lamarck
In 1801, he published Système des animaux sans vertèbres, a major work that classified invertebrates, a term he came up with. In 1802, he published work again and was one of the first to use the term biology when referrign to science. -
Georges Cuvier
Cuvier was a naturalist and zoologist. He established he fields of comparitive anatomy and paleontology through his comparing of living animals with fossils. -
Charles Lyell
Lyell is known for his published work, Principles of Geology, which emphasized Huttons concepts of uniformitarianism – the idea that the Earth was shaped by the same processes still in operation today. Lyell also challenged Cuviers work in Geology. -
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel is credited with discovering and estabishing the rules of heredity. His experiment with pea plants allowed him to establish the terms "recessive" and "dominant" which we still use today in reference to genes. -
Charles Darwin
Darwins had five theories in his published work. However, the most famous and most important was his theory of Natural Selection. Natural Selection is the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. -
GMO's
GMO's are gentically modified organism. Scientists create GMO's by extracting the DNA from one species and artificially forcing the genes into the genes of an unrelated plant or animal. One example is, insecticide sweet corn. Scientists modify the corn so it produces a poison which kills harmful insects. -
Plasmid Based Transformation
Tansformation usually produces a mixture of relatively few transformed cells and an abundance of non-transformed cells, a method is necessary to select for the cells that have acquired the plasmid. The transforming plasmid contains a gene that confers resistance to an antibiotic that the bacteria are otherwise sensitive to -
Transgenic Animals
Transgenic animals are animals that haver foreign gene deliberately inserted into their genome. They are nost commonly created by the micro-injection of DNA into the pronuclei of a fertilised egg which is subsequently implanted into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant surgate mother. The recipient animal then gives birth to the genetically modified offspring. -
Avery-MacLeod-McCarty
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty are credited with the discovery that DNA is the substance that causes bacterial tranformation. This was important, because during this era it was assumed that proteins carried genetic information. -
Wilkins
Wilkins focused on the sturtcure of Dna. Wilkins began with his research when he produced the first clear x-ray image of DNA. -
Restriction Enzyme
This is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. Restriction enzymes are commonly classified into three types: differing in their structure, cutting of their DNA substrate at their recognition site, or if recognition and cleavage sites seperate. Restriction enzymes cut DNA by making two incisions. -
Franklin
Franklins work with x-ray diffraction images of DNA lets to the discovery of the DNA double helix. Her data and research were key in determining the structure. -
Hershey-Chase
Hershey and Chase proved that when bacteriophages, composed of DNA and protein, infect bacteria, their DNA enters the host bacterial cell, but most of their protein does not. This helped to confirm that DNA is the genetic material. -
Watson and Crick
Watson and Crick published an article, the very first article, that described the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA, using x-ray diffraction and the mathematics of a helix transform. This helped later researches and biologist understand genetics. -
Gel Electrophoresis
This is a laboratory method used to seperate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size. The molecules that are going to be seperated are pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores. Larger parts of DNA cannot go far through the gel, but the small parts can. Several bands form in the del, which are visible under UV light. -
Genetic Engineering
This is the direct manipulation of an organisms' genome using biotechnology. Inserting new SNA in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA, the insertin this into the host organism. Nuclease removes or, kocks out. genes. -
Polymerase Chain Reaction
The polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory technique used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA. A polymerase chain reaction can be used to amplify, or copy, a specific DNA target from a mixture of DNA molecules. The polyermase chain reaction is a cyle of three steps: denature DNA, primer Annealing, and extension. -
Cloning
Cloning is a cell, cell product, or organism that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which it was derived. The first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell was Dolly the sheep. She was cloned in Scotland in 1996 and died in 2003. -
Human Genome Project
The human genome project is a global, long-term research effort to identify the 30,000 genes in human DNA and to figure out the sequences of the chemical bases that make up DNA. The project uses results from genetic research done on other animals, such as the fruit fly and others. The purpose is to provide a greater idea to how life wotks and how to better diagnose and treat human disorders.
