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Charles Darwin
Joint announcement of the theory of natural selection-that members of a population who are better adapted to the environment survive and pass on their traits. -
Period: to
Genetics
Gregor Mendel experimented on around 28000 pea plants which borught forward 2 generalisations known as "Mendel's Laws of Heredity". -
Charles Darwin
Published "The Origin of Species". It is a work of scientific literature which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. -
Father of gentics
Gregor Mendel experimented on around 28000 pea plants which borught forward 2 generalisations known as "Mendel's Laws of Heredity". -
Carl Correns
Mendel's princeples were discovered and verified. The beginning of modern genetics. -
Walter Sutton
Closed the gap between cell morphology and heredity by pointing out the interrealtionships between cytology and Mendalism. -
William Bateson
The word "genetics" is coined by William Bateson., Bateson began doing some of these hybrid experiments with poultry and butterflies. -
Nettie Stevens Edmund Wilson
Described the behaviour of sex chromosomes independently : XX female, XY male. -
T.H. Morgan and colleagues
The chromosome theory of heredity is confirmed in studies of fly eye color inheritance. -
Alfred Sturtevant
First ever connection map created by Columbia undergraduate. (working with T.H. Morgan). -
H. Muller
Shows that X-rays induce mutations in a dose-dependent fashion. -
Beadle and Tatum
Discovered one gene encodes one protein. -
Lederberg and Tatum
Genetic material can be transferred laterally between bacterial cells. -
Erwin Chargaff
In DNA, there are equal amounts of A and T, and equal amounts of C and G, however, the A+T to C+G ratio can differ between organisms. -
Watson and Crick
DNA is in the shape of a double helix with antiparallel nucleotide chains and specific base pairing. This was introduced by Watson and Crick, who used Rosalind Franklin's data provided by Maurice Wilkins. -
Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA is the intermediate between DNA and protein. mRNA is a single-stranded RNA molecule. -
Nirenberg, Matthaei, Leder, and Khorana
The genetic code is cracked by a number of researchers using RNA homopolymer and heteropolymer experiments as well as tRNA labeling experiments. -
Hamilton Smith
The first restriction enzyme is purified. -
DNA Sequencing
DNA sequencing technology is developed by Fred Sanger. DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a piece of DNA -
Kary Mullis
PCR is developed. -
Genome project
Genome projects are begun. The yeast genome is complete in 1996, and the C. elegans genome is done in 1998. DNA microarrays are invented by Pat Brown and colleagues.DNA fingerprinting, gene therapy, and genetically modified foods come onto the scene. -
Automated Sequencing Technology
Automated sequencing technology allows genome projects to accelerate. -
Cloning of a Mammal
The first cloning of a mammal (Dolly the sheep) is performed by Ian Wilmut and colleagues, from the Roslin institute in Scotland. -
Completed Projects
The Drosophila genome is completed. The Arabidopsis genome is completed. The human genome is reported to be completed. -
Postgenomic Era
The sequence of the human genome is released, and the "post-genomic era" officially begins. -
Genetic Modification
Controversies continue over human and animal cloning, research on stem cells, and genetic modification of crops. More crops and resources by genetically modifying the soil.
