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Joint announcement of the theory of natural selection-that members of a population who are better adapted to the environment survive and pass on their traits.
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Gregor Mendel experimented on around 28000 pea plants which borught forward 2 generalisations known as "Mendel's Laws of Heredity".
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Published "The Origin of Species". It is a work of scientific literature which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.
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Gregor Mendel experimented on around 28000 pea plants which borught forward 2 generalisations known as "Mendel's Laws of Heredity".
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Mendel's princeples were discovered and verified. The beginning of modern genetics.
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Closed the gap between cell morphology and heredity by pointing out the interrealtionships between cytology and Mendalism.
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The word "genetics" is coined by William Bateson., Bateson began doing some of these hybrid experiments with poultry and butterflies.
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Described the behaviour of sex chromosomes independently : XX female, XY male.
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The chromosome theory of heredity is confirmed in studies of fly eye color inheritance.
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First ever connection map created by Columbia undergraduate. (working with T.H. Morgan).
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Shows that X-rays induce mutations in a dose-dependent fashion.
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Discovered one gene encodes one protein.
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Genetic material can be transferred laterally between bacterial cells.
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In DNA, there are equal amounts of A and T, and equal amounts of C and G, however, the A+T to C+G ratio can differ between organisms.
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DNA is in the shape of a double helix with antiparallel nucleotide chains and specific base pairing. This was introduced by Watson and Crick, who used Rosalind Franklin's data provided by Maurice Wilkins.
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Messenger RNA is the intermediate between DNA and protein. mRNA is a single-stranded RNA molecule.
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The genetic code is cracked by a number of researchers using RNA homopolymer and heteropolymer experiments as well as tRNA labeling experiments.
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The first restriction enzyme is purified.
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DNA sequencing technology is developed by Fred Sanger. DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a piece of DNA
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PCR is developed.
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Genome projects are begun. The yeast genome is complete in 1996, and the C. elegans genome is done in 1998. DNA microarrays are invented by Pat Brown and colleagues.DNA fingerprinting, gene therapy, and genetically modified foods come onto the scene.
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Automated sequencing technology allows genome projects to accelerate.
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The first cloning of a mammal (Dolly the sheep) is performed by Ian Wilmut and colleagues, from the Roslin institute in Scotland.
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The Drosophila genome is completed. The Arabidopsis genome is completed. The human genome is reported to be completed.
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The sequence of the human genome is released, and the "post-genomic era" officially begins.
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Controversies continue over human and animal cloning, research on stem cells, and genetic modification of crops. More crops and resources by genetically modifying the soil.
