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published the first edition of The Origin of the Species which, amongst other things, gives extensive information on the knowledge of breeding at that time.
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publicised his discoveries on the breeding of peas, which became the foundation of modern genetics.
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discovers nuclein -- a major component of which is DNA -- in the cell nucleus.
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propose that inheritance is due to chromosomes
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demonstrated that the chromosomes are the concrete entities which carry the genes.
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constructed a genetic map.
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demonstrated that genetic mutation could be induced by X-rays.
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demonstrate direct physical recombination (the linking of DNA from different chromosomes) by examining maize chromosomes microscopically.
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pinned a gene defect down to a single step in a biochemical pathway that would normally be carried out by an enzyme. They restored normal growth to a mutant micro-organism by adding the missing enzyme.
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proposed the double helix structure of DNA
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demonstrated the semi-conservative replication of DNA. This is when the DNA forms a copy of itself, one stand remains the same, and the other contains newly synthesised DNA.
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finished unravelling the genetic code.
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discovered restriction enzymes in E. coli.
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invented the technique of DNA cloning, which allowed genes to be transplanted between different biological species
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create the first genetically modified DNA organism
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Conference held in the USA at which scientists met behind closed doors to reach a consensus on self regulation and how the newly discovered recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering) should proceed.
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The National Institutes of Health in the United States produce guidelines for genetic modification research.
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developed chain termination DNA sequencing allowing scientists to read the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.
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First transgenic (genetically modified) mouse.
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Giant mouse produced by transferring growth hormone genes from a rat.
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a biochemist invented the ‘polymerase chain reaction’ which is a technique enabling scientists to reproduce bits of DNA faster than ever before.
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a biochemist invented the ‘polymerase chain reaction’ which is a technique enabling scientists to reproduce bits of DNA faster than ever before.
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First transgenic domestic animal, a pig.
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A series of transgenic mice produced carrying human genes.
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First transgenic plant producing a pharmaceutical.
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Publication (Science 254: 1281-1288) of data about the 'Beltsville pig'; a transgenic pig (named after the agricultural research station in Maryland USA), which suffered a range of pathological conditions because it had a gene for human growth hormone.
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GM used to make chymosin, an enzyme used in making hard cheese.
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A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug while at the same time,
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the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid polymers into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease
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- Human embryonic stem cells created by somatic cell nuclear transfer
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Phones will be programed in your head where your able to talk and text without looking down at screen created by Dr.Hons
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Created by Dr.Jone a new shot called G.A aka Get Away has bee deveoped to make cancer dissapear from the affected cell and clears it out from the whole body
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evented by Dr.mick we are now able to clone humans with the correct DNA molecues
