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Eratosthenes was born in the Greek colony of Cyrene.
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Eratosthenes was appointed to chief librarian of the famous Library of Alexandria.
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Eratosthenes discovered the calculation of earth’s circumference.
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Eratosthenes discovered the calculation of the tilt of earth’s axis.
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Eratosthenes passed away.
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Born in Pisa, Italy
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where he was educated in a monastery
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from 1581 to 1585 at the University of Pisa
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mathematics at the University of Pisa
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on explaining the cause of the tides.
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but never made it public, and also invented a mechanical device for mathematical calculations
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challenging Aristotle's claim that "no change could ever take place in the heavens"
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Cosimo de Medici, the son of the Grand Duke of Tuscany
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the four largest moons orbiting around Jupiter, opposing Ptolemaic theory that Earth is the center of all orbiting bodies
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"The Starry Messenger" which showed that Venus circled the Sun, not the Earth
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his "Letters on Sunspots"
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banned all books that that argued in favor of a "Copernican Sun-centered model for the Solar System"
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to publish his theory on the causes of tides
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"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems — Ptolemaic and Copernican" was published which held Galileo's theories
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Galileo was charged with “vehement suspicion of heresy” and ordered to come to Rome for a trial
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outlining all of his ideas in Italian
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at the age of 77, in Florence
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was born in Lincolnshire, England
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was sent to King's School
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was converted into English as " Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences"
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“white” light was composed of all colors, and started to figure out calculus and universal gravitation
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professor of mathematics at Cambridge
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"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"
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buried in London’s Westminster Abbey after his death
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buried in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce
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Charles Darwin was born.
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Charles took part of the Beagle Voyage where he sailed to South America for documentation of the creatures that were found there.
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Darwin spent the next 20 years or so brooding about the theological implications of his discoveries. Darwin spent a lot of his time contemplating on his religious beliefs and if they tied in to his theory, making the process of trying to regulate it a little bit more difficult.
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Darwin returned home and began to issue his theories. He began writing papers about his theories and discoveries.
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Darwin started creating his first theories on mutations and the evolution of animals within their species.
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Charles began drawing out his beliefs on how the human species had refined.
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Charles began developing a paper for his theory, Natural Selection.
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Darwin was presented the Copley medal which was the highest scientific award of the Royal Society of London.
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was born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1867, as Maria Sklodowska
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Alfred Wegener was born in Berlin.
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As his theories developed, Darwin wrote a paper on the evolution of mold.
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Maria grew up with her parents being educators and had always been fascinated with science. She was a good student and graduated high school at the age of 15 with top grades.
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Charles Darwin suffered a heart attack and died on April 19, 1882.
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Maria soon went to pursue her studies at the Sorbonne and started signing her name as Marie.
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Marie was the first woman to receive a degree in physics from the Sorbonne.
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In July of 1895, Marie married Pierre Curie. The rented a small apartment and Marie carried on her studies at Sarbonne.
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Henry Hess was born.
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In September of 1897, Marie gave birth to her first daughter, Irène.
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Marie soon discovered a new element called "polonium". Later the Curies announced another new element called "radium" and described its property of matter with the new term "radioactive".
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The Curies could finally see their products as they shined with a silvery-blue-green glow.
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Marie gained her doctorate degree in physics and was the first woman awarded with a PhD in France. Later Marie was also the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize.
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Marie gave birth to the Curies second daughter, Eve.
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He received a PhD in astronomy from the University of Berlin.
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Pierre Curie was hit by a horse-drawn carriage and instantly died and Marie became a widow.
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After Pierre's death, Marie picked up Pierre's work and a new age of science began to emerge. She then expressed her acceptance of Rutherford’s decay theory.
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Alfred and his brother Kurt set a world record for spending the longest time in a balloon - 52 hours. Later in the year Alfred joined an expedition to Greenland to track polar air circulation.
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Alfred found a world map where the east coast of South America fit
exactly against the west coast of Africa, as if they had been joined. -
Marie was awarded with a second Nobel Prize for chemistry and became the first person to win two Noble Prizes. She traveled to Sweden with her two daughters to accept her prize.
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Alfred co-wrote "The Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere"
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Einstein and his family visited Marie to discuss many scientific ideas.
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Marie organized the Radium Institute, a research center in Paris and later in Warsaw where Marie served as director.
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Alfred then published "The Origin of Continents and Oceans" where he claimed that all the continents were once a single mass and he called it "Pangaea".
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Rosalind Franklin was born.
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Alfred became a professor in meteorology and geophysics
at the University of Graz in Austria. -
The USS Cape Johnson was given to Hess and he used it for scientific investigations.
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James Watson was born.
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He led another expedition to Greenland where he set up a yearlong "weather-monitoring equipment at three stations on the glacier".
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Alfred passed away on his return trip to the west to the coast.
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Marie Curie unfortunately died in 1934.
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Rosalind Franklin had received her PhD from Cambridge in physical chemistry.
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Other researchers found a huge rift that ran along the top of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which enabled Hess to "understand his ocean floor profiles in the Pacific".
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She started at King’s College where she focused her studies on DNA.
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Francis Crick was working on his PhD in the crystallography of proteins.
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At the age of 23, Watson was at Cambridge as a post doctorate fellow in biology with limited knowledge of chemistry.
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Using her diffraction images, Franklin rationed that: 1) DNA takes two forms (shorter-dryer and longerwetter), 2) the sugar-phosphate backbones must be on the outside, and 3) the molecule looks the same upside down or right side up.
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Maurice Wilkins, Franklin's college, showed Watson one of the diffraction images Franklin had recorded without telling Franklin
or asking her permission. -
Watson knew from seeing Franklin’s photograph that DNA had to be
a helix with certain dimensions. He then started working on drawings and models trying to prove his theory. -
Watson and Crick finally figured out that: If two of the bases were bonded in pairs (G with C), they took up the same space as the other pair (A with T). Knowing this proves that the molecules could be arranged in the form of a helix.
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Franklin made important discoveries about the tobacco mosaic virus and polio.
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Issue of Nature published Watson and Crick's article, “A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid.”
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Watson returned to the United States, researching at Harvard.
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Franklin unfortunately died from ovarian cancer at the age of 37 in London so she was not able to share the Nobel Prize.
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Scientists generally embraced the double helix as the structure
of DNA. -
Wilkins, Watson, and Crick received the Nobel Prize in
medicine/physiology for their work. -
Hess published his theory in "History of Ocean Basins" which then became "seafloor spreading".
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"Geophysicists realized that Earth’s magnetic field had reversed polarity many times, with each reversal lasting less than
200,000 years". -
Hess assisted to plan the U.S. space program and then died of a heart attack on August 25, 1969.
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Watson helped establish the Human Genome Project in the early
1990s. -
Crick continued his research in England until he moved to the
Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, where he died. -
Watson then served as president of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, New York, until his retirement in 2007.