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The Supreme Court unanimously declared segregation in the public schools to be unconstitutional, which completely reversed the Plessy v Ferguson ruling of "separate, but equal".
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A pact signed by the Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries that allowed for the Soviet military to occupy the participating countries in response the the growth of their western counterpart NATO
UNLV -
The Geneva Summit Convention was a multinational convention that divided Vietnam into North and South Vietnam at the seventeenth parallel.
Akg-Images -
Rosa Parks sat in the "whites section" of a public bus and refused to give up her seat to a white man. She was arrested for violating Jim Crow laws, inciting a yearlong boycott of buses by African Americans.
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Republican Dwight Esienhower is elected president following Harry Truman. He ran against Democrat Adlai Stevenson and won a significantly larger number of electoral votes.
<ahref='http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1840981_1840998_1840902,00.html' >Time Magazine</a> -
Both Eisenhower and Congress pledged to assist Middle Eastern countries fighting communisim with military and economic aid.
<ahref='http://instruct.westvalley.edu/kelly/Distance_Learning/History_17B/Lecture28/Lecture28_p05.htm' >West Valley </a> -
President Eisenhower responded to Orval Faubus's declaration of continuted segregation in Arkansas public schools by moblizing the National Guard to escort nine black students to their classes at segregated Central High School
Loc Gov -
The Soviet Union stops supply ships to West Berlin. The United States responds by flying food into West Berlin.
NATO -
Congress passed this act in response to Sputnik's success. At first Congress refused to give federal funding to scholarships, but then they passed the National Defense and Education Act, which authorized $887 million in loans for college students and grants for improving teaching languages and sciences.
University of Calgary -
The Soviet Union allows supply shipments to West Berlin.
The Guardian -
The movement began with four African American college students demanding service at a "white only" lunch counter. They were not served and continued to sit in there seats. The next day they returned with nineteen others and repeated their process. As the movement progressed, their numbers grew larger.
Sit In Movement -
Democrat John F Kennedy ran against Republican vice-president Nixon. Kennedy won largely because of the televised debates between he and Nixon. Many did not want to vote for Kennedy because he was Catholic.
John F Kennedy Library -
Twelve hundred exiled Cubans landed in Cuba's Bay of Pigs and attempted to topple Fidel Castro's communistic government. Unfortunately, the invasion failed. Kennedy took responisbility for the failed invasion, an unheard of precident.
<ahref='http://library.thinkquest.org/11046/days/bay_of_pigs.html' >Think Quest</a> -
The Soviet Union began building the Berlin Wall, a wall that divided East Berlin from West Berlin. That wall would symbolize the divison between communist nations and democratic nations as well as be the source of future problems.
BBC Bitesize -
Kennedy sends a larger number of US troops to South Vietnam under the name of "military advisors. Their job was to protect Diem from the communists while providing political stability.
John F Kennedy Presidential Library -
American spy planes revealed that the Soviets were installing nuclear tipped missiles in Cuba. They were intended to protect Castro and to convince America to disarm their nuclear weapons in Eastern Europe.
Think Quest -
The plan was to peacefully walk to Washington, singing and chanting the entire way. There were to be speakers, including John Lewis and Asa Philip Randolph. The point of the march was to show the Kennedy administration their support for his civil rights bill.
Loc Gov -
Kennedy and other US officials had South Vietnamese generals lead a coup against the current South Vietnam leader Ngo Dinh Diem. Diem was murdered the day after the coup, showing how much the US had overestimated their power over the South Vietnamese.
National Security Archive -
President Kennedy was shot in the head during an open air limousine ride in Dallas, Texas. He died soon after, making his vice-president Linden Johnson president.
<ahref='http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1860871_1860876_1861003,00.html' >Time Magazine</a> -
The civil rights act said there would be no futher job discrimination based on color, sex, religion, or national origin.
National Archives -
The twentifourth amendment says there is no poll tax for voting on federal elections.
American Civil Liberties Union -
Democrat Lydon Johnson ran against Republican Barry Goldwater. Johnson clearly won in both the popular vote and the electoral vote.
Wisconsin History -
People were rioting to protest racial discrimination. Generally, they occured after a visit from Dr Martin Luther King Jr. Without his presence to assure them that nonviolence was the anser, people would grow enraged at the discrimination they faced and would react violently.
Time Magazine -
The communists are fighting for their homes, a trait the US army lacks. They fight harder and harder for their land, which caused President Johnson to send in more troops, an escalation in the war. There was escalation even at home, more protests and picketers.
Analysis of Lyndon Johnson -
Congress wrote this bill to overcome state officials who tried to get around the fifteenth amendment.
Library of Congress - NAACP -
The Tet offensive was a series of attacks from the North Vietnamese and the Vietcong. The US won every battle of the Tet offensive, but because a journalist wrote that the war was "hopeless" Americans futher protested the war, causing a decrease in soldier morale.
BBC News -
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr was shot by a sniper in Memphis, Tennessee. His death triggered a series of "ghetto-gunning" and violence that killed over fourty people.
UCLA -
Robert Kennedy, brother of President Kennedy, was shot by Sirhan Sirhan, a Palestinian immigrant who opposed the US's further involvement with Palestine. Kennedy had just one the democtrat primary elections
Am History -
Republican Richard Nixon ran agianst Democrat Hubert Humphrey Jr. and American Independent George Wallace. He was a minority president.
White House Online -
Astronauts Niel Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin flew in their craft "the Eagle" to the moon. They landed on July twenthith, but reserected the flag on the morning of July twenty-first.
National Geographic -
When the Prince of Cambodia was replaced with a pro-American general, Nixon and the South Vietnamese army attempted to remove any communist threat coming from Cambodia.
NPR -
The Pentagon papers were published by . They showed the American public the behind the scenes for the decisicns for the Vietnam war. PBSThese papers disscussed aspects of the Vietnam War not know to the public.
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Nixon visited the People's Republic of China and later in the year visited Moscow. His intent was to turn the two large communist powers against each other by easing tensions between the US and China and the US and the Soviet Union.
Time Magazine -
The twenty-sixth amendment said that US citizens were able to vote at the age of 18.
ref='http://web.mnstate.edu/shoptaug/125th/1960s/60s%20image%20gallery.htm' >Minnesota State University 60's Image Gallary</a> -
The amendment was not ratified by all the stares.
.htm' >Equal Rights Amendment</a> -
Republican Richard Nixon ran against Democrat George McGovern. Nixon had less votes than when he ran against and lost to Kennedy.
ref='http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/17/weekinreview/17abramson.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0' >New York Times Magazine</a> -
Petty criminals had broken into the Watergate Hotel, specifically the floor that was rented out the Democratic party. They were traced back to people working in the White House and under Nixon's reelection campaign, making people wonder how involved the president was with theses crooks. This event would cause Nixon to resign a short while later. ='http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2009/01/3-the-watergate-scandal-top-10-mistakes-by-us-presidents/' >Britannica</a>
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The US had intended to withdraw slowly, helping the South Vietnamese be able to fight their own war by assisting and removing the assistance slowly until they were able to fight on their own. Unfortunately, it did not come to that, so the US quickly withdrew it's troops, leaving South Vietnam on it's own.
ref='http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/vietnam/usgetsoutrev1.shtml' >BBC Bitesize</a> -
Vice-president Spiro Agnew had been charged with bribery and tax evasion, causing him to resign. Gerald Ford was appointed vice-president after he underwent one of the most strict background checks recorded.
HIUS Lecture -
The Supreme Court ruled that desegregation plans did not require students to move across school district lines. It allowed for suburban schools to avoid the influx of desegregated students.
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Nixon publically announced his resignation to be effective at noon, thus ending the Watergate hearings and investigations. His vice-president, Gerald Ford, becomes the first man made president only by a vote in Congress. He later pardons Nixon of ay crime he may have commited as president
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The final helicopter carried away the last of the South Vietnamese who were so closely allied with the United States that they would have died had they stayed. Soon the North Vietnamese captured the capital of South Vietnam (Saigon) and rechristened it to Ho Chi Minh City
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The Helsinki Accords was signed by both the United States and the Soviet Union that legitimized the boundraries of Poland and other Eastern Eupopean countries in exchange for a more liberal exchange of people and information between the east and the west alongside the protection of basic human rights.
