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From 1900-1920, schools saw more educational film than ever before, and this was the start of "the visual instruction movement" (Reiser, 2017, p.1). In 1910, the first publication of instructional films was distributed (Reiser, 2017). -
During the beginning of the 1900s, school museums emerged. In fact, the first one opened in 1905 in St. Louis (Reiser, 2017). -
The origins of the visual instruction movement can go back to 1908, "when the Keystone View Company published Visual Education, a teacher's guide to lantern slides and stereographs" (Reiser, 2017, p. 9). -
For two decades, the focus on educational films had evolved to include sound (Reiser, 2017). -
During the 1930s, radio was becoming more prevalent, and people were exploring its potential to be integrated into education (Reiser, 2017). -
The merger of three organizations created the Department of Visual Instruction. However, it is now known as the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) (Reiser, 2017). -
The Division of Visual Aids for War Training created by the United States government created 457 training films during World War II (Reiser, 2017). -
Instructional Television grew as a medium for instruction during the 50s because of a "1952 decision by the Federal Communications Commission to set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes" and "funding provided by the Ford Foundation" (Reiser, 2017, p. 10). -
Skinner's "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching" created buzz for its focus on learning and characteristics of effective instruction. It was focused on small steps, feedback, and positive reinforcement (Reiser, 2017). -
The Department of Audiovisual Instruction creates the first significant definition for instructional technology (Reiser, 2017). This helped define the field and emphasized the learning process. -
The Commission on Instructional Technology creates two new definitions for instructional technology that widen the scope of the field into an understanding that it was indeed a process (Reiser, 2017). -
During the latter part of the 20th century, instructional design was including more collaboration because technology was rapidly evolving and becoming more accessible. Distance learning even became a part of the conversation (Reiser, 2017). -
While cognitive and constructivist learning theories were developed by Piaget far earlier, in the late 70s up until the mid-1990s, they saw a huge increase in their influence on instructional design. This deviated from the previous focus on behaviorism (Reiser, 2017). -
The creation of the Internet allowed computers to communicate with each other ("A Brief History of the Internet," n.d.). -
In 1983, "computers were being used for instructional purposes in [...] more than 75 percent of all secondary schools in the United States" (Reiser, 2017, p.11). -
The AECT created a new definition for educational technology that incorporated ethics and the focus on being facilitators of learning (Reiser, 2017). -
The first iteration of the iPad was announced in 2010 ("Apple Launches iPad," 2010). -
The Texas Technology Immersion Pilot was one of many initiatives to get schools to a one to one student to device ratio. These immersions were incredibly expensive and a huge change from previous instructional models before such technology was available and accessible (Sutton, 2015). -
The number of students enrolled in online courses increased; in 2011, 32% of students enrolled in higher educational institutions were taking an online course (Reiser, 2017). -
During the Covid-19 pandemic, in-person education came to a halt in the United States. Going into the 2020-2021 school year, there had to be options for completely virtual education for students in public schools. This led to the rise in dominance of programs such as Zoom and Google Meet being used for synchronous virtual instruction. -
Apple launches iPad. (n.d.). Apple Newsroom. Retrieved June 21, 2022, from https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2010/01/27Apple-Launches-iPad/
A brief history of the internet. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2022, from https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml#:~:text=January%201%2C%201983%20is%20considered,Protocol%20(TCP%2FIP)
Reiser, R. A., & Dempsey, J. V. (Eds.). (2017). Trends and issues in instructional design and
technology (4th ed.). Pearson. -
Sutton, N. (2015, March 26). What the Research Says about 1:1. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/discussion/what-research-says-about-11