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George Washington is elected as the United States' first president.
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Washington establishes the presidential cabinet, giving powers to those he trusted to fill the positions.
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The Whiskey Rebellion was meant to protest against the federal government in order to lower the taxes on whiskey.
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The United States declares themselves as independent in the conflict between France and Britain.
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The Jay Treaty was meant to resolve issues shared by Great Britain and the United States that had existed since U.S. independence.
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George Washington's term as president comes to an end.
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Jefferson is elected into office.
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February 11, 1803. William Marbury was appointed to be Justice of Peace, but the new Secretary of State, James Madison, denied him of that right, since he was recently put into administration. The Supreme Court said that he should be authorized to hold the position, but the Congress had no power to do such. First, Marbury couldn't get his job, but the case also set a precedent about the authority to authorize old appointments. Values represented are that of recognition, authority and judgment.
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The United States purchases the Louisiana territory from the French, in the western United States.
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All exports from the United States become illegal, mainly to prove to greater European countries that the U.S. can act independently.
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Jefferson's presidential term in office comes to an end.
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Jackson is elected into office.
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The Indian Removal Act is put into place. Any natives currently settled on land within the U.S. must migrate to the west, where they won't interfere with the American expansion.
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The Cherokee Nation makes an attempt to appeal to the American government and people, in hopes to remain on their own land.
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Jackson delivers his second annual message to Congress, proposing and promoting he removal act.
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Samuel Worcester purposely settled on Cherokee lands without a license.
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South Carolina refused to pay the tariff set on them, and argued that they could succeed from the U.S. if they didn't like the federal laws, since they joined the U.S. voluntarily. The Compromise Tariff was set into place.
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Jackson's presidential term ends.
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The Indian Removal Act is put into play, and Natives must move west, either voluntarily or by force.
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February 11-14, 1856. Dredd Scott was an African American who had been taken to a free state, and then sued for his freedom. He was denied. The short term effect is that Scott was kept a slave, but it paved a new road for African Americans, deciding if slaves could be citizens. Values to take into consideration are bias and freedom, as well as civil rights.
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Lincoln is elected into office.
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The South begins to succeed from the North. The date of succession varies for each state.
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The American Civil War begins, the South rebels against the North.
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Habeus Corpus act is suspended by Lincoln
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The United States declares any slaves in the south free, provided that they come fight for the Union.
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February 28 1966, it was argued that before holding a trial, the prosecuted must be made aware of their right to an attorney. The ruling said that prosecuted had rights to know before their trial about an attorney. Values presented here are fairness, balance, and awareness. The effects mad it so that now, it is unconstitutional to hold a trial without letting the one on trial know their rights.
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November 12, 1968, students word black arm bands to school, in order to peacefully protest the Vietnam War. The court decided that, to a degree, the school did have authority to limit the dress code. However, this didn't give them the right to restrict their freedom of speech. After this, the case was used as a reference in future cases, when referring to a student's first amendment rights. Values to take into consideration are freedom, as well as balance.
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March 3, 1986, a student gave a school speech that promoted sexual themes, but not obscenity. The court ruled that his suspension afterwards was not violating the first amendment. They refer to the case to test limits on a student's freedom of speech, as far as lewd content goes. Values to consider here are privacy and censorship.
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A student had held up a sign at a school sponsored event, which read, "Bong hits 4 Jesus," and the school suspended the student responsible. The court decided that the school did not violate any amendment. After this, the student remained suspended, and the court argued with future cases, saying that, "You cannot promote the use of illegal drugs on school grounds or at school events." Values here are protection, expression, and legality.
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When a man was arrested for driving without a proper license, police seized his phone, and linked him to other crimes. However, he claimed that it was unconstitutional for the police to search his phone without a warrant. The court agreed that it was unconstitutional. From now on, police must have a warrant to search a person's cell phone for further information. Factors to consider are privacy of someone's digital space.
