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-ploughs (sharp point of timber projecting downwards at the end of a long handle) were used to break up the ground to plant seeds
-use of large draught animals like oxen. horses, or camels spreads up the process tremendously -
-Occurred at Olympus, Greece
-Athletes performed deeds to win favors with the gods, especially Zeus
-Sporting event became so popular and important that was used as a reference on the calendar -
-Athens considered the birthplace
-Idea that every citizen has an equal opportunity and say in government
-Transition from exploitation by the aristocracy to a political system where all members of society have an equal share of formal political power -
-Ancient Greek philosopher; student of Socrates, teacher to Aristotle
-founded the Platonic Academy where he delivered many lectures
-most of his surviving writing are dialogues
-Inventions: water alarm clock -
-used gravity to transport water along stone, lead and concrete pipelines into city centers
-liberated cities from a reliance on nearby water supplies
-crucial in promoting public health and sanitation
-Romans perfected the process (primitive canals existed earlier in Europe, Assyria, and Babylon)
-water transported as far as a 60 mile distance -
-active in astronomy, geology, logic, physics, and engineer
-Inventions: screw (designed to help farmers irrigate crops), odometer, the number pi
-Discoveries: water displacement -
-First used in Greece as evolved structural material in buildings
-New material contained lime, which bonded strongly with water, clay, and sand
-Romans used volcanic lava instead of clay (pozzolanic)
-Pozzolanic cement was strongest mortar in history until the development of modern cement
-Helped create Roman arches, aqueducts, and roads -
-instituted by Julius Caesar of Rome
-aligned the calendar with the solar year
-lengthened the number of days in a year from 355 to 365; included 12 months
-miscalculated the solar year by 11 minutes (Gregorian calendar established in 1582 altered the schedule of leap years) -
-Located in Baghdad
-Academy where scholars and other related intellectuals from all areas of Muslim land could converge and debate, complete research, and express thoughts of a variety of topics
-Topics: mathematics, astronomy, medicine, alchemy, chemistry, zoology, geography, and cartography
-largest repository of books in the whole world already by the middle of the ninth century
-Destroyed by Mongols in 1258 BCE -
-Inventor: Buddhist monk Su Song; China
-Designed to reveal the movement of the stars and the hours of the day
-Figures pop out of doors and strike bells to signify hours
-Power derived form a water wheel -
-40 day period of isolation
-introduced by the Republic of Ragusa (today part of Croatia)
-prevented the spread of diseases such as The Black Death -
-Inventor: Johannes Guttenberg, German
-introduced fast, cheap, and easy printing techniques that increased the spread of knowledge and culture across the world
-used interchangeable metal letters applied with ink pressed into paper
-first book printed was The Holy Bible -
-Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, military engineer, draftsmen
-Studied the laws of science and nature
-Paintings: "The Last Supper", "Mona Lisa", Vitruvian Man"
-Inventions: war machines, flying machine
-Anatomy and Science (discoveries): fetus in utero, heart and vascular system, sex organs -
-Inventors: Hans Janssen (father), Zacharias Janssen (son)
-used lens(s) to magnify objects -
-Invented by: Galileo Galilei; first person to observe astronomy
-Magnified distant objects
-First instrument had a magnifying power of 3
-Galileo conducted a detailed study of the moon, discovered the Milky Way, discovered that Jupiter had four moons
