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Training Within Industry: Job Instructor Program
Beginning of a systematic approach to training. With a decrease in vocational instructors and an increase in new employees to meet the needs of the war, the Training Within Industry Service of the War Manpower Commission created the Job Instructor Program (JIT); focusing on first- and second-line supervisors to provide them the skills to train the new employees themselves (Esetp, 2008). The JIT relied heavily on Job Methods, Job Relations and Job Instruction. (University of Kentucky, 2016). -
A Theory of Human Motivation
Influential to the JIT program's focus on human relations and program development, Abraham Maslow's article was published in the journal Psychological Review. Focusing on the human beings' hierarchy of needs, Maslow details the motivations and psychological needs of human beings. The 5 needs could easily be applied to the workplace training programs: Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization (McLeod, 2007).
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Kurt Lewin: Group Dynamics
Kurt Lewin's group dynamics research utilizes two key ideas: that groups form out of a shared fate reliant upon each other and groups form with shared goals reliant upon each other to accomplish; creating a powerful group dynamic (Smith, M., 2001). -
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Instructional System Design
During the 1950s, "Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives" (Esetp, 2008, p. 18) was introduced, paving a revolutionary development of Instructional System Design or ISD. Improved identification and writing of learning objectives. -
Training and Development Handbook
In 1967 McGrawHill published the first edition; includes materials for the manager to train on both a large and small scale staffing population. Covers variety of training development tools and techniques, role playing, coaching, lecturing, conferencing, human relations, training aids, management development, etc.
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First International Training and Development Conference
ASTD and the US State Department held this first conference in Geneva, Switzerland with 200 in attendance from 6 continents around the world. Networking and training was now taken to a higher level to spread awareness, new ideas, and evolution of the training profession.
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Women in Training
By 1989, the number of women in the training and development fields was higher than ever before. "By 1989, women made up 47 percent of ASTD’s members" (Esetp, 2008, p. 25). With the influx, assertiveness, diversity, feedback, behavior monitoring and empowerment training evolved (Shaw, 1994).
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Technology and E-Learning
During the 1990s the world saw a massive explosion in technological advancements. E-learning, online training, and computer-based training courses signaled the end of routine traditional classroom settings and culture. -
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Evolution and Expansion
With the advancements since WWII, today's society has evolved and expanded on the theories, research, and dedication in those previous years; benchmark training, methods of measurement, technology access, just-in-time learning, and certifications.
