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- Idealized representations
- Hierarchical scale to emphasize social status
- Symbolic elements to convey identity or power
- Often depicted in profile
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- Lack of individualism
- Symbolic attributes reflecting religious or social roles
- Flat, stylized forms
- Limited use of perspective
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- Realistic portrayal of individuals
- Emphasis on individualism and humanism
- Use of linear perspective
- Attention to light and shadow (chiaroscuro)
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- Dramatic lighting and intense emotions
- Rich, detailed backgrounds
- Symbolism and allegory
- Grandiose and dynamic compositions
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- Formal and posed compositions
- Elegant attire and settings
- Emphasis on refinement and sophistication
- Rococo influence with delicate details
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- Romanticism and expression of emotion
- Rise of photography influencing composition
- Portraits as reflections of social identity
- Realism and naturalism in depiction
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- Diverse styles, from abstraction to hyperrealism
- Exploration of identity and psychological depth
- Social and political commentary
- Embrace of new media and technology
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- Diversity of styles and mediums
- Exploration of identity, gender, and cultural themes
- Emphasis on conceptual and abstract approaches
- Use of technology and multimedia
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