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Grammar Trasnslation 18th&19th Centuries through 1960s
Principles and goals: There are two main goals to grammar–translation classes. One is to develop students’ reading ability to a level where they can read literature in the target language.The other is to develop students’ general mental discipline. Method
Grammar–translation classes are usually conducted in the students’ native language -
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Direct Method
The target language is exclusively used to maintain a cultural island in the classroom. Grammar is inductively taught where learners are encouraged to make their own generalization about grammar rules. -
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Audio Lingual Approach
popular in the 1960s. Language laboratories began to surge, and students were required to listen to audiotapes and repeat dialogues that captured aspects of daily living. Some characteristics of this method are: Drills are used to teach structural patterns-Set phrases are memorised with a focus on intonation-Grammatical explanations are kept to a minimum-Vocabulary is taught in context-Audio-visual aids are used-Focus is on pronunciation-Correct responses are positively reinforced immediately -
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SUGGESTOPEDIA
Teachers should not act directive although this method is teacher-controlled but not students- controlled. For example, they should act as a real partner to the students, participating in the activities such as games and songs “naturally” and “genuinely. in practice : Deciphering: The teacher introduces the grammar and lexis of the content. -
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Silent Way
developing independence, autonomy, and responsibility for learning discovery learning, problem-solving approach teacher as a stimulator does not talk! -
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TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE "TPR
The total physical response (TPR) method was developed by psychologist James Asher (1974). This method is based on the principle that people learn better when they are involved physically as well as mentally. It is based on Chomsky's idea that language is pre-wired for language learning using physical response to verbal instruction -
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NATURAL APPROACH
The natural approach was originally created in 1977 by Terrell, a Spanish teacher in California. After the original formulation, Terrell worked with Krashen to further develop the theoretical aspects of the method. Terrell and Krashen published the results of their collaboration in the 1983 book The Natural Approach.
Highs of it: acquisition vs. learning the monitor hypothesis comprehensible input (i+1) the natural order hypothesis learners with low affective filter. -
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THE COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH 1985>2000s
Sauvignon (1983, 1997, 2002) suggests designing the curriculum to include language arts, language-for-a-purpose (content-based and immersion) activities, personalized language use, theatre arts (including simula- tions, role-plays, and social interaction games), and language use “beyond the classroom”.