-
Cornelius Vnderbuilt
He starts out poor and gets a monopoly on ferries. His lasting legacy is the college named after him. -
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Age of the Steamboat
This was invented to replace sailboats, it greatly improved the transport of materials, goods and people. It is powered by coal, but burning coal produces pollution causing an effect on the enviroment. -
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New Immigration
The National Orgin formula was to determine how many immigrants were allowed to enter the U.S. These immigrants were from Italy, Russia, Poland, Greese, China and Japan. They came because of the economic oppurtunites, safety, freedom and lower taxes and moved to California, New York and Texas. -
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Harsh Working Conditions
-dangerous machines
-cold and hot factories
-cramped conditions led to deformities in legs and bones
-14 hours a day
-employers hired men to beat workers
-no sanitation
-$1.25 per day for unskilled workers
-$3 per day for skilled workers
-$1 per day for women and children -
Morse Code
This is an electrical telegraph system. Each letter or number is represented by a unique sequence of dots and dashes. It was used for 160 years. -
Besemer Process
This removed impurities from the Iron by the Oxidation Process.
The effects:
-revolitionized steel manufacture by decreasing the cost
-The availbility of cheap steel allowed large bridges to be built and the construction of railroads, sky-scrapers and large ships -
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Tammany Hall // Boss Tweed
William M Tweed was known for being boss of Tammany Hall. He was the 3rd landownerof NY, as well as a director of the Eve Railroad. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1852 and became the Head of Tammany Hall. Tammany Hall was a democratic party political machine that played a role in NY state politics and helped immigrants. He once stole money. He wanted to be part owner of a bridge company. Thomas Nast created political cartoons for people who could not read. -
the Homestead Act
This was several U.S. federal laws. The main one was the ownership of land called Homestead at little or no cost "free land" 160 acres reason for tthis was for the land to be farmed on and better the economy. This caused issues with the Indians. -
Constitutional Amendments
13th- This amendment was passed to abolish slavery. Blacks became free. Republicans used this oppurtunity to manipulate blacks into voting for them since they helped them become free. 14th- July 9, 1868. This amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws. 15th- This amendment says that race cannot effect a vote. Now, blacks can vote. -
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The Revolution
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Straton established the newspaper. They wrote to express their thoughts about women's rights and sufferage. It ended because they couldn't afford to run the company. -
First Transcontinental Railroad
This railroad is the first major railroad built in the United States. It is 1,907 miles long from San Fransico to Iowa. Built by veterans and immigrants by hand. It took 6 years. -
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Gilded Age & Westward Expansion
The Gilded Age gave the United States rapid economic growth, although there were two classes: an upper and lower class. Industrial in the North-East and agriculture in the South and West. There is lots of expansion to the West. -
Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
First mass organization among women devoted to social reform with a program that liked religion and the secular through conerted and far-reaching refom strategies purpose was to create a "sober and pure world". "Moderation in all things healthful, tota, abstinence from all things harmful". -
President Garfield
Charles Guiteau assassinated him because when the president did not give his friends jobs that they were not qualified for, Charles killed him. -
Chinese Exclusionary Act
This is one of the most significant restrictions on Free Immigration in U.S. history prohibiting all immigrants of Chinese laborers. Americans in the West perisited in their stereotyping of the Chinese as degraded, ecotic, dangerous and competitiors for jobs and wages. -
the Pendleton Act
This is a federal law that says government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit than ties to politicians. -
Social Darwinism
This is to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics. Basically, the wealth should be wealthy and the poor are supposed to be poor. -
John D. Rockefeller
He was an American business magnate and philanthropist. He was the co-founder of the standard oil company which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. trust. He's worth $6635 billion. -
Andrew Carnegie
He was an industrialist and a philanthropist. He started as a telegrapher, by the 1860's he had investments in railroads. He built Carnegie Hall and sold his steel company to JP Morgan for $480 million. -
Hull House
Cofounded by Jane Adams and Elen Gates. Purpose was to provide social and educational opportunites. -
Sherman Antitrust Act
This made monopolies illegal. A monopoly is when a person or business takes control over the whole area of business, for example, Andrew Carnegie. -
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the Populist (Peoples) Party
The Party's Platform called for the Abolition of Natural Banks, a wokring day of eight hours and government control of railroads, telegraphs and telephones based upon poor white cotton farmers. -
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Ellis Island
10.5 million European immigrants. When approved, they spent 2-5 hours being questioned about their name, occupation and amount of money. If their visible health problems and diseases were sent home of held in the island's hospitals for a long time, about 3,000 passed. 2% were not admited for contagious diseases, criminal background and insanity. -
Red Record // Ida B. Wells
This is a pamphlet with 100 pages describing lynching in the U.S. since the Emancipation Proclamation. She explains how 10,000 blacks have been killed illegally. -
The Pledge of Alliegence
Written by Francis Bellany and the The National Flag Conference adjusted it in 1923. -
Plessy vs Ferguson
Established the separate but equal clause. While blacks had the same equality as whites, they were still segregated. -
Sweatt vs. Painter
This was a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation. This involved a black man, Sweatt, who was refused admission into University of Texas, whose president was Painter; he didn't allow integrated education. -
Klondike Gold Rush
Gold was discovered in the Klondike region which caused a migration of prospectors between 1896-1899, and 100,000 traveled, but only 30,000 survived only arrived and 4,000 actually found gold. The cold climate was a factor of why only a few made it there. The Native people who lived in the region suffered from envormental damages of the gold mining in the rivers and forests.The economy did boom, but eventually dropped again. -
JP Morgan
He is a merger with railroads and the steel company. -
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President Theodore Roosevelt
He was elected as vice president in the 1900 Election. Roosevelt took McKinley's place as president due to McKinely's assassination. Roosevelt was re-elected. The foreign policy of Roosevelt was the Carollary Doctrine. -
Willis Carrier // Air Conditioning
-
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Muckraker Journalism
Muckraker focused on more political and corporate corporation. The Magazines were rasing public awareness of chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions and social issues like child labor. Their reports exposed bribery and corruption at the city and state level, as well as in the Congress. This led to reforms and channel election results, such as, as the establishment of the Pure food and Drug Act of 1906. -
The Roosevelt Corollary Doctrine
This was an amendment to the Monroe Doctrine which stated that the U.S. reserved the right to stablolize the economies of North or South America, including Carribean nations.This prevents European nations from intervening in the U.S's Sphere of Influence. -
The Jungle // Upton Sinclair
Sinclair wrote this to portray the lives of immigrants in the U.S. Many readers were most concerned with his exposure of health violations and unsanitary practices in the American Meat Packing Industry. The book also depicted working class poverty, absense of social programs and harsh and unpleasant living and working conditions. -
Pure Food and Drug Act
It's purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in mislabeled food and drug products. The requires active ingredients to be placed on labels. This sets up the U.s. Food and Drug Administration, signed by President Roosevelt. -
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Galveston Island
Jews were leaving Russia because they were going to be persacuted. Jacob H. Sehiff brought the Jews to Galveston because there were to many immmigrants at Ellis Island. -
NAACP // W.E.B DuBois
The NAACP was created by W.E.B. DuBois, Ida B. Wells, Archibald Grimke, Henry Moskowitz, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villard and William English Walling. It's purpose is to ensure the equal rights of all people and to eliminate racial discrimination. -
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Angel Island
The main nationality was Chinese. They were locked in ages for a week/moth because they asked them questions so they wouldn't be able to answer. -
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the Progressive Party
This was a political party formed by former President Roosevelt after a split in the Republican Party by William Taft. Some of their ideals was: minimum wage for women, women sufferage, eight hour workday and direct election of Senetors. -
16th Amendment
This creates income tax. -
German unrestricted submarine warfare
This is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels. -
Henry Ford
He invented the first car in America. -
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World War I
Princip assassinated Acrhduke Franz Fernidad and Sarajevo blamed Serbia. Austria joined in which caused everyone else to declare war because every one was in an alliance. -
Sinking of Lusitania
It caused torpedoed by German u-boat U 20. It pushed U.S. to join the war because it killed over a thousand of people aboard. -
Sussex Pledge
This was a promise made during WWI by Germany. -
American Expeditionary Force
The AEF consisted of the U.S. Armed Forcessent to Europe in WWI. President Woodrow appointed Major John J. "Black Jack" General Command. AEF's nickname was "The Doughboys". There are several therories to it's origin. An often explanation is that the first term occured during the Mexican-American was when observers noticed U.S. men constantly covered in chunky dust, giving the appearance of unbaked dough. -
Zimmerman telegram
Germany bribed Meico with territories if Mexico joined Germany and Japanese empire. Mexico was unable to match the U.S. military ignored the proposal and afterwards the U.S. entered the war officially rejected it. -
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Harlem Renasissance
This was a literary and cultural movement. -
Battle of Argonne Forest
This was the last major battle of WWI. U.S. and France fought Germany inside France because Germany was declaring war on a lot of nations. This involved 1.2 million American soldiers who were led by John J. Pershing. -
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The Roaring Twenties
This time period is marked by optimism, celebration, experimentation and social change, but also fear of external influences and a loss of American culture. -
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Transitional Immigrants
After WWI, majority of European immigrants were unable to return to their countries so they decided to stay and welcome Americanization. -
Schenck vs United States
Charles Schenck was arrested for violating the Espionage Act. He was a member of the Socialist Party opposed the war and printed and distributed pamphlets, urging citizens to oppose the Draft. The court ruled against Schenck, saying that the Espionage Act did not violate the 1st Amendment, that in times of war the governement may place reasonable limitations on freedom of Speech Justive Oliver Wendel Holmes. -
Treaty of Versallies
Germany was blamed for WWI and was forced to pay debts and be placed under restrictions. Such as, military and land taken from them. -
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League of Nations
The purpose was for world peace. The U.S. did not join. This was not successful because of WWII. -
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Red Scare
Xenophobia comes from the Greek word meaning fear. Palmer Raids was in 1919, 80 bombs exploded and were targeted towards Palmer. May day wasthe International Work day. -
Fourteen Point Plan
President Wilson created this to declare that WWI was being fought and to call out for postwar peace. -
Teapot Dome Scandal
President Harding. They were making these oil companies rich illegally. -
Americanization Day
Americanization Day is May 1st. This was a nationwide movement organized to bring immigrants into the American culture. -
Emergency Quota Act
This limited the immigration to the United States. The act meant that only people of Southern Europe were most likely able to get in. The reason was that the American government wanted to protect it's culture. The Act was soon revised by the Immigration Act of 1924. -
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National Origins Formula
This is an American system of immigration quotas which restricted immigration on the basis of resisting proportions of the population. The goal was to mantain the existing Ethnic Composition of the U.S. -
Eugenics
This came from France, Germany, Great Britian and the U.S. Developed by Francis Gaiten. It allows the fittest to breed. (Selective breeding) -
Benito Mussolini
He was an Italian politician, journalist and the leader of the National Fascist Party. Fascism was a form of radical authoritarian nationalism, it originated in Italy during WWI Mussolini's foremost priority was the Subjuagation of the minds of the Italian people and the use of propaganda to do so. Mussolini and his followers consolidated their power through a series of laws that transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship. -
failure of the Equal Rights Movement
Designed to guarentee equal rights for women, originally written by Alice Paul. Phyllis Schafly was against it becuase she didn't want women to get drafted in the military and Alimony would be taken away. -
The Monkey Trial
evolution v religion, now it's illegal to teach evolution in schools. -
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the Great Depression
By 1932, unemployment reached 23.6% and it peaked in1933 to 25%. The drought persisted in the agriculture heartland. Businesses and familes defaulted on record number of loans and more than 5,000 banks failed. FERA was established to help out those who were unemployed. Their main goal was to create new unskilled jobs and state government. The president was Hoover. -
LULAC
LULAC - League of United Latin American Citizens
They were created to combat the discrimination faced by Hispanics in the United States. They promoted the full adaptation of its members into the dominant US Anglo-Saxon culture, believing this strategy would be the most successful in combating discrimination. -
Dust Bowl
This was a period of dust storms that damaged the agriculture in the Central U.S. This caused the Great Depression and it forced many families to abandon their farms. People died suffocated to death because of the dust. -
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the Baby Boom
The end of WWII brought a baby boom to many countries. By the end of the 1940's, 32 million babies were born in comparison to 24 million in the 30's. -
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Huey Long
He released his "Share Our Wealth" plan which was a program designed to provide a decent Standard Of Living to all Americans by spreading the nation's wealth among the people. The Kingfish wanted the government to confiscate the wealth of the Nation's rich and priviliged. It called the federal government to guarantee every family in the nation an annual income of five thousand dollars. -
20th Amendment
This moved the dates for the President, vice President and the Congress from March 3rd to January 20th -
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Fireside chats // President Roosevelt
This was a series of thirty radio broadcasts given by former President Roosevelt. -
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President Franklin Roosevelt
He defeated Herbert Clark in the election.He campaigned against Hoover's protectionist policies and he believed Hoover was responsible for the Great Depression. Roosevelt said in his first inaugural address that "the only thing we need to fear is fear itself", in which he meant that if we continue to be afraid of everything then we will not have the power to overcome obstacles.At the time, Roosevelt went into office, a quarter of the workforce was unemployed and two million were homeless. -
21st Amendment
This replaced the 18th Amendment of prohibition of alcohol. -
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
This was a U.S. federal law of the New Deal era in which reduced agricultural production by paying farmers subsides not to plant on part of their land and to kill excess livestock. -
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
This is a federally ownded corporation in the U.S. created by the Congressional Carter to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation fertilizer, manufactoring and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region effected by the Great Depression. -
FHA/HUD
Federal Housing Administration is a U.S. government agency that ensures loans made by banks for lower income people. Their goal was to improve housing standards and conditions. -
Social Security
It's primarily old-aged survivors and disability insurance federal program. Once you recieve a job, you're funding it through your paycheck. By the time our generation grows up, there's a possibility that the whole program would be bankrupt. -
Eleanor Roosevelt
She advocated women's rights before the modern day women's rights movement began. She supported the Civil Rights for minorities and especially for African Americans. during the Great Depression, she traveled the country gaining support for the New Deal and was an advocate of better working conditions and wages for workers. Roosevelt helped her husband's political career by gaining votes from women and labor organizations. -
Francis Townsend // Senior Income Plan
He proposed the Senior Income Plan which states that for any American over the age of 60 should retire to open up jobs for the younger unemployed. -
Social Security Act
This was the response to the falls of old age, poverty, unemployment, dependent widows and fatherless chidren by providing benefits to retired and unemployed people. In the Great Depression poverty increased 50% among senior citizens. The stock market destoryed the value of many Americans retirement savings. -
Dorthea Lange // Migrant Mother
The subjects she targeted were unemployed and homeless people. Her best known photograph was Migrant Mother in which a mother was desperate and hungry. As a result, her work is famous now. -
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Axis Power
Axis Powers united by oppositions in the Western world and the Soviet Union. Germany wanted to expand into the Soviet Union and Italy wants to take over the Mediterrarean Sea. Japan plans to take over East Asia. -
Court packing Plan
This referred to the Judicial procedures refrom Bill. It was a plan to add more justice to the Supreme Court from parts of the New Deal that were ruled unconstitutionally by the the court. The public was against it. -
HUAC
House Committee on Un-American Activities was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. Their purpose was to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties. -
Robert Taft
He was against the New Deal because he believed that it was the cause of the Great Depression. -
Grapes of Wrath
John Steinbeck -
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Allied Powers
The Allied Powers consist of: France, Poland, Great Britain, Canada, Austrailia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the U.S. The Allied Powers were seeking to stop German, Italian and Japanese agression. -
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Rock and Roll music
Rock and roll is a genre of music that originated and developed in the U.S. Piano and saxaphone were the often the lead instrument. The Beatles is a popular group in this era. -
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2nd Great Migration
The Great Migration was the movement of 6 million African Americans out of rural Southern U.S. to the urban North and mid-West U.S. The cause of this movement was the Emancipation Proclamation. The push factors were segregation, widespread violence of lynching and lack of opportunities. -
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North African Campaign
The campaign was important because if offered the Allies the chance to open a new front against the Axis and ease German pressure on the Eastern front. It took place in the North African Desert. It wasfought monthly for two reasons: the control of the Suez Canal and the Middle Eastern oil resources. -
Lend Lease Program
The U.S. provided supplies for Great Britain, USSR, free France, Republic of China and other allied nations. -
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"island hopping"
The Pacific war was the theatre of WWII, which was fought in the Pacific and East Asia. The Western front and the Pacific - Japan -
Omar Bradley
He was involoved in D-Day. -
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Civil Rights Movement
The executive order was issued as a response to pressure civil rights activists who planned to march on Washington D.C. to protest racial discrimination. The march was suspended after the executive order was issued. Martin Luther King Jr., a leader, was assassinated at 39 years of age. -
Attack on Pearl Harbor
This is a suprise military strike conducted by Imperial Japanese Navy against the U.S. Naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, which leads to the U.S. entry into WWII. -
Congress of Racial Equality
This is a U.S. civil rights organization; one of the big four civil rights organizations. They focused on discrimination in employment and housing. By 1961, CORE had 53 chapters throughout the United States. Chapters were organized on a model similar to that of a democratic trade union, with monthly membership meetings, elected and usually unpaid officers, and numerous committees of volunteers. -
Douglas MacArthur
He was an American General and field marshall of the Philippine Army. He played a promiment role in the Pacific Theatre during the WWII. -
Chester W. Nimitz
He was selected as the Chief of Bureau of Navigation then replaced Admiral Kimgel as Commander after losing Pearl Harbor. He gets kicked out and regains at Battle of Midway. -
Battle of Midway
It was the most impartant battle of WWII. -
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Concentration camps
The camps were liberated by the Allied and Soviet forces. -
Battle of Buldge
This was a major suprise German offensive launched on the western front. The battle was a fail. -
G. I. Bill
aka. The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944.
This was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning WWll veterans. Benefits included low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, cash payments of tuition and living expenses to attend college, high school or vocational education, as well as one year of unemployment compensation -
Dwight D. Eisenhower
He was the Supreme Commander of all of the forces in the Eastern Theatre. He opposed the atomic bomb and he was also the Chief of Staff of the Army. -
Mendez vs. Westminster
This was a court case that faced racial segregation in Orange County, California schools.This was unconstitutional discrimination by being forced to attend separate "schools for Mexicans". -
Truman Doctrine
This was a international relations policy, made by President Truman, that stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from the Soviet sphere. -
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Cold War
The Truman Doctrine was an international relations policy set by President Truman that states that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid. The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by Germany that cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and East Berlin. People came with sledgehammers and bulldozers to destroy this wall. -
22nd Amendment
This law states that no person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. -
Delgado vs. Bastrop
This was a court case which prohibited the
segregation of Mexican-Americans in Texas illegal. The segregation of tejano children in public schools was declared unconstitutional. -
The Marshall Plan
This was was the American initiative to aid Europe, in which the U.S. gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after WWIl to prevent the spread of Communism. It lasted for four years. Named after Secretary of State George Marshall. -
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Berlin Airlift
This was an international crisis during the Cold War. The Germans and the British/U.S. meet up at Berlin (WWII ending) and Berlin has to decide whether or not to be Communist (East) or Democratic (West), so the U.S. starts flying in weapons to help Berlin and the Soviets end up destroying Berlin which is the cause of the building of the Berlin Wall. -
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty. This organization constitutes a system of collective defense where each member states agree to mutual defense. -
First stores - Sam Walton
He is the owner of Wal-Mart and Sam's Club. The three factors that made these stores successful were 1) Everything is in Wal-Mart, a one-stop store 2) His stores are in the suburbs 3) Cheap prices - they buy in bulk. These ideas were unique at the time. -
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Korean War
This was a war between North Korea and South Korea. It was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. The 38th parallel separates them. -
1948 desegregation of the U.S. military
Desegregation is the process of ending the separation of two groups usually referring to races. At the end of June 1950, the Korean War broke out. The U.S. Army had little desegregation and sent the segregated Eighth Army to defend South Korea. Most black soldiers served in segregated support units in the rear. The remainder served in segregated combat units. The US Army formally announced its plans to desegregate. -
Hernandez vs. Texas
This was a U.S. Supreme Court case that decided that Mexican Americans and all racial groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment. -
Brown vs. Board of Education
This was a U.S. Supreme Court case that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. -
Dr. Jonas Salk - polio vaccine
This man discovered and developed the first polio vaccine. Polio was considered the most frightening public health problem of the post-war United States. -
Montgomery bus boycott - Rosa Parks
This was a protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation. December 1 is when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white lady. This campaign lasted December 20, 1956. -
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Vietnam War
The referendum vote split Vietnam into the North and South. The Soviet are giving Vietnam supplies and training. The U.S. came in to stop the growth of the Communist. According to the U.S. domino theory, if one state went Communist, then other states in the region would follow. -
Southern Christian Leadership - Martin Luther King Jr.
SCLC was an African American civil rights organization with Martin Luther King Jr. as it's president. Their goal was to form an organization to support nonviolent direct action as a method of desegregating bus systems across the South. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
This is a voting rights bill. The goal was to ensure that all Americans could exercise their right to vote. -
Congressional Southern Democrats - attempts to block legislation
During the Civil Rights Movement, they were not going to pass any legislation, as a result, it takes time to get the laws about segregation, minorities and women voting passed. -
Affirmative Action
This refers to policies that take factors including "race, color, religion, sex, or national origin". This allowed any group to be hired. They are determined to get rid of racial discrimination. -
appointment of Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court
Thurgood Marshall was the first black Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, he was also a lawyer and a judge. -
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Vietnam Policy of JFK
JFK says that he will support the Vietnam War in his speech. He has had three failures against Communism so he wants to put an end to the Vietnam War and help end Communism. He didn't want to send in troops, but his advisor talked him into sending 50,000 troops. -
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
This was an organization of the Civil Rights Movement. Began as a student meeting organized Ella Baker to a large organization with many supporters. -
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Comittee
This was an organization of the American Civil Rights Movement. Started from a student meeting with Ella Baker and turned into a large organization with many supporters. -
JFK Presidential term / campaign
Kennedy won because he was more handsome and presentable. It was not the issues that won the elections, but based off their looks. -
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John F. Kennedy's inauguration - fall of Saigon, Vietnam
A snowstorm created chaos in Washington, almost canceling the inaugural parade. The fall of Saigon marked the end of the Vietnam War. -
JFK - Executive Order 10925
An Executive Order does not affect the entire United States, only the ones associated with government contracts. This order does not include women. -
23rd Amendment
This amendment allows citizens in the District of Columbia to vote for Electors for President and Vice President. -
Berlin Wall
Germans decide to build this wall to seperate West Berlin from East Berlin and Germany. This symbolized the Iron Curtain that seperated West and East Berlin during the Cold War. -
Rock & Roll music
Rock and roll is a genre of music that originated and developed in the U.S. -
"Letter From the Birmingham Jail"
Martin Luther King Jr. recieved a letter from clergymen while he sat in jail, so he replied with this letter. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, arguing that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws. -
The March on Washington, " I Have A Dream" speech
Major leaders and organizations were present at this march. -
The March on Washington, "I Have A Dream" speech
He called for an end to racism in the United States. He spoke to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. This speech was a big moment in the Civil Rights Movement. The “I Have A Dream” speech uses three rhetorical lenses: voice merging, prophetic voice, and dynamic spectacle. -
George Wallace - Governor of Alabama, segregation quote
He was an American politician and the 45th governor of Alabama. Wallace did not want blacks going to his schools. In his own words: "The President (John F. Kennedy) wants us to surrender this state to Martin Luther King and his group of pro-communists who have instituted these demonstrations." -
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Vietnam Policy of Johnson
When Johnson became president, he thought the Vietnam War was not a priority, but later decides to fight in the Vietnam war by sending 1,000 troops. In result to Johnson signing the Tonkin Resolution of 1964, Johnson can conduct military operations and can start a war as long as they do not "call" it a war. -
Edgewood vs. Kirby
the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund filed suit against state Commissioner of Education William Kirby on behalf of the Edgewood Independent School District in San Antonio, citing discrimination against students in poor school districts. -
JFK Assassination
Lee Harvey Oswald killed him while he was in the car for the parade in Dallas, Tx. -
24th Amendment
This amendment prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. -
Organization of Afro-American Unity - Malcom X
This was an organization founded by Malcom X. Their purpose was to fight for African American human rights and an promote cooperations among Africans. After Malcom X's death, his sister took over the organization, but ended in a collapse. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
iThis is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and women. -
Gulf of Tonkin Incident/Resolution
The North Vietnamese navy attacked the U.S. navy, so the U.S. fired back. In result, Johnson was given the power, by the Congress, to keep the troops fighting in Vietnam for as long as he felt was necessary. -
JFK - assassination
The assassination happened in Dallas, Tx. There was a shock effect. At the time, the U.S. was at war with the Soviet Union. Anxiety increases; Oswald killed him. -
Assassination of Malcom X
Malcolm X was preparing to address the Organization of Afro-American Unity in Manhattan's Audubon Ballroom when someone in the front row shot him in the chest. Two other men went on stage and shot him Malcom X several times. -
Head Start Education
LBJ becomes president. This idea was a early childhood program for lower income children to help result in smarter kids. -
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Vietnam Era draft
An conscientious objector is someone who has the right to object to fight in the war. 4-F status is a person that is not fit for service and did not pass the medical or physical test. At the height of the war, 4,000 a month were being drafted to Vietnam. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Designed to enforce the voting rights guarenteed by the 14th & 15th Amendments. -
National organization for Women - Betty Friedan
In 1968, they issued a Bill of Rights, which they had adopted at their 1967 national conference, advocating the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, enforcement of the prohibitions against sex discrimination. The issues they address are abortion and reproductive health services access, violence against women, constitutional equality, promoting diversity/ending racism, lesbian rights, and economic justice, with these issues having various sub-issues -
United Farm Workers Association - Dolores Huerta, Caesar Chavez
This labor union was built together by the Agricultural Workers Organizing Comittee and the National Farm Workers Association. This group was originally a workers' rights orgaization that helped workers get unemployment insurance but turned into a union of farmworkers. -
Black Panthers
This was a black revolutionary socialist organization, active from 1966-1982. The organization's official newspaper, The Black Panther, was first circulated in 1967. The Black Panther Party marched on the California State Capitol in Sacramento in protest of a selective ban on weapons. By 1968, the party had expanded into many cities throughout the United States. -
25th Amendment
After JFK's assassination, the 25th Amendment was proposed to determine who becomes president if the president were to die. -
Tet Offensive
This was one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, by forces of the viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army agaisnt South Vietnam. It was a campaign of suprise attacks in towns and villages. There was an agreement to cease fire during Lunar New Year. It was a turning point in the war. -
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
He was assassinated at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee at the age of 39. He was pronounced dead at 7:05pm. James Earl Ray was the man who killed him. -
United States vs. O.Brien
This case is a Supreme Court case so it affects the entire United States. O.Brien made an anti-Vietnam war protest by burning his draft card. 1) be within the constitutional power of the government to enact 2) Is it related to government powers 3) that interest must be unrelated to the suppression of speech -
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Drama, Debt, and the Digital Age
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Vietnam Policy of Nixon
Nixon's plan, the Nixon Doctrine, was to build up an ARVN (the name of their army) so they could take over the defense of South Vietnam. This policy became known as Vietnamization. He wants to train the Vietnam troop, but pull out the American troops. -
Policy of Vietnamization
This was a policy to withdraw the U.S. troops from the Vietnam War. He wanted to train the South Vietnamese to fight in their war. Also known as Nixon Doctrine. -
Tinker vs. Des Moines
This U.S. Supreme Court case defined the constitutional rights of students in U.S. public schools. Tinker decided to wear black armbands to school in protest of the Vietnam War and the school suspended him. The decision was made by the fact that the armbands are slightly disruptive in nature. (Freedom of speech) -
Nixon's "Silent Majority" speech
This is a group of large people (middle class) that do not speak their opinion publicly. Nixon's speech was saying that the majority of Americans are for the Vietnam War, so he is calling them out, as Hawks, to start helping. -
La Raza Unida
This was an American political party centered on Chicano nationalism. Established at a meeting of 300 Mexican-Americans by José Ángel Gutiérrez and Mario Compean. -
EPA - Environment Protection Agency
This is an agency of the U.S. federal government which was created to protect human health and the environment. This was proposed by Nixon and was effective in 1970. They were made to help people and the Earth stay healthy. -
End of Pres. Nixon's gold standard (Nixon Shock)
The gold standard was a monitary system when you could exchange(back-up) dollars for gold. Europe exchanges U.S. dollars for gold which causes U.S.'s dollar to decrease in value (inflation). In result, they get off of this standard, so now it's known as the fiiyaht standard. It helped end the Bretton Woods system of financial exchange. -
26th Amendment
This amendment was made in response to the student activism against the Vietnam War and to partially over rule the decision in Oregon v. Mitchell. If you were 18 you were drafted to Vietnam so they said if we are old enough to die then we should be old enough to vote to change this age. This amendment lowers voting age from 21 to 18 and prohibits the states and federal government from changing the voting age from 18. -
Nixon's visits China
This was an important step to make peace relations with the Republic of China. This was the first time people of America have seen photos of China in over 2 decades. This put China on America's side in the Cold War against the Soviet Union. -
Wisconsin vs. Yoder
This U.S. Supreme Court case that argues Amish children did not go to public schools past 8th grade because of their religion (1st amendment), so the court ruled that Amish did not have to go to public school after 8th grade. -
Title IX (9)
This is a portion of the Education Amendments of 1972 states that no person in the U.S. can be discriminated by sex in sports. This only matters if you take federal funding, otherwise you do not have to follow it. -
Heritage Foundation
They helped give ideas to the canservative mindset. -
Conservative Resugerance // The Heritage Foundation
A foundation that helps gives ideas to a conservative mindset. -
War Powers Resolution of 1973
This is a law that limit powers of the president when sending out troops and the Congress has to approve it and the president has to do it within 90 days. -
White vs. Regester
This court case is in Dallas county. The U.S. constitution states says you get more representation through more population. The minors voting will be little that their's won't count. They divided it into 12 districts based upon equal population. -
Endangered Species Act
President Nixon passed this Act to help save endangered species and their enviorments to not be extinct. The public sees it as a good thing, but the problems were 1) they worked too slow, they're dying off 2) if you buy land and there are animals there, you cannot build anything that will disrupt them. -
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Presidential term of Gerold Ford
1st person to serve both VP and P without being elected by electoral college, under the 25th amendment (VP->P) -
Microsoft // Bill Gates
Dropped out of Harvard to work w/ Paul Allen. They worked w/ MITS. Gates wrote "Open Letter to Hobbyists" because a leaked copy was out. Microsoft became independent and formed Microsoft Windows. Later, Bill Gates gave his responsibilites to Ray Ozzie and Craig Mundle. -
Torrijos-Carter Treaty
Two treaties signed by the U.S. and Panama. The U.S. owned the Panama Canal, but wanted to give it to them to make us look like good people, yet it actually made us look weak. -
Camp David Accords
Egypt and Isael signed a peace treaty due to fighting over oil. The world is mad at U.S. for helping Israel make this treaty and mad at Egypt because they are supposed to be enemies with U.S. Palestinians are mad cause they don't have the land they want. -
Fall of Saigon
This marked the end of the Vietnam War. After the U.S. left, North Vietnam wiped out South Vietnam. -
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Conservative Resurgence
An organization founded by Jerry Farwell, he wanted Christian conservatives to get involved in politics for important events. They wanted prayers at school and believed in abortions. -
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Iran Hostage Crisis
Students took over the Embassy and held 52 Americans hostage because they wanted the Shah to come back and face his trial for the crimes he did. The U.S. sent military to free the hostages, but they fail. -
BET // Robert Johnson
Black Entertainment Television. Consisted of music videos and black streams and only aired for about 2 hours. -
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Iran-Iraq War
Reagan was president. The US gave weapons to Iraq to turn Iraq away from the Soviets. In the end we end up fighting Iraq after we gave them training and weapons. -
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Reaganomics // Peace Through Strength
-Reaganomics is referred to the 4 pillars of Reagan's economic policy. It was to reduce the growth of government spending, federal income tax, governement regulation and tighten money supply to decrease inflation.
-Peace Through Strength was how Reagan used the phrase in his political campaign against Jimmy Carter. -
AIDS
Originated from Africa. They were eating monkeys and that's when it spread to the U.S. Two main groups: gay men & heavy drug users. They first called it gay cancer/plague. There is no cure, only anti-viral medication. -
"Just Say No" campaign
It was an advertising campaign created by the First Lady, Nancy Reagan, during the 1980's & 1990's. Purpose- To discourage students from engaging in illegal recreational durg use. -
Bombing of the Marines barracks in Beirut
The bombing happened in Beirut Lebanon (US & French there making peace) and occured during the Lebanese Civil War. They were attacked by using two suicide bombs. 299 total deaths. -
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Arms Race
A nuclear arms race developed during the Cold War, an intense period between U.S. and the Soviets. -
Iran -Contra scandal
This happened during the Reagan presidency. An operation to free 7 American hostages in Lebanon, so the US sends weapons to Israel so they can give it to Iran to trade the hostages in. The money was supposed to go to Israel to fund the war but it went to Nicaragua which is against Balon amendment. -
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George Bush's Presidency
1998 campiagn:
Bush - 426 electorial votes, 53.4%
Dukakis - 111 electorial votes, 45.6% -
fall of the Berlin Wall
Starting that evening, people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs, destroying parts of it and creating several unofficial border crossings. These people were nicknamed "Mauerspechte". -
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Persian Gulf War // Operation Desert Storm
Kuwait's invasion by Iraqi troops that began was met with international condemnation and brought economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the U.N. Security Council. Bush sent U.S. forces into Saudi Arabia and urged others to send theirs. Coalition's military forces = U.S., Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom and Egypt. The Coalition forces won. United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 passed in April 1991. -
Yugoslav War
There were a series of wars. Tito is the dictator of Yugoslav, but when he dies, the ethnic groups fight over power and split up. War crimes = war rape, ethnic cleansing
F-117 - a U.S. plane used for bombing
Slobodan Milosevic is the president of Serbia. -
political end of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR, declaring the office extinct. The next day, the Supreme Soviet voted itself out of office. -
27th Amendment
This prohibits any law that increases or decreases the salary of members of Congress from taking effect until the start of the next term of office for Representatives. -
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Bill Clinton's Presidency
First term:
Clinton: Democrat
Bush: Republican
Perot: Independent
Second term:
Clinton: Democrat
Dole: Republican
Perot: Independent -
NAFTA
-North American Free Trade Agreement
This is an agreement signed by the U.S., Canada and Mexico creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America. -
The Contract with America
This was a contract with America that has a list of bills they will pass if Americans vote for them into Congress. This is the first time they have been the majority for 40 years. Some of these laws didn't get passed because Bill Clinton was a liberal and did not agree. -
the Dayton Agreement
This is a peace agreement between Bosnia and Herzegovina and also to endorse regional balance in and around the former Republic of Yugoslavia. -
the Interstate Act
Designed to regulate the railroad industry, particually it's monopohstic policies. The act passed due to growing public concern with the growing power and wealth of Coroporations. This did not give the governent power to ammend prices, but forced a rule that they must be "just and reasonable". -
the Kyoto Treaty
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty that sets obligations on industrialized countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The UNFCCC is an environmental treaty with the goal of preventing dangerous human-induced interference of the climate system. -
Impeachment of Bill Clinton
He ws impeached by the House, because he lied to Federal Prosecutors as to whether or not he had sex with a woman, Monica Lewinksi, in the House. The charges against him were perjury and obstructure of Justice. -
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George W. Bush's Presidency
1st term
Bush: 271,
Gore: 266,
Florida did not vote and George ended up winning.
2nd term
Kerry: 251, 59%
Bush: 286, 62% -
the Patriot Act
This was an act of Congress that was signed into law by President Bush. The purpose was to defer and punish terriost acts in the U.S. and around the world to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools.
- to protect the U.S. -
Invasion of Iraq
The CIA gave the president information that Suddan Hussien was developing weapons. 21 days. -
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Barack Obama's Presidency
1st term
Obama: Democratic, 365, 52.9%
McCain: Republican, 173, 45.7%
2nd term
Obama: Democrat, 313, 51%
Romney: Political, 186, 48% -
Invasion of Normady // D-Day // Operation Overlord
This was a result of the Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany's control. The Allies conducted a large operation in order to make the Germans think that the main invasion target was pos-de-calais which is the narrowest point between Britain and France instead of Germany.