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380 BCE
Plato's The Republic
Plato believed that it was to the benefit of the State to determine the education of its youth so that they learn the skills and knowledge necessary for the job they will perform in life. Educational subjects prepare children for dialectic. -
1524
Martin Luther
Luther wrote a letter titled To the Councilmen of All Cities in Germany That They Establish and Maintain Christian Schools. In this letter, he called for the education of all children through the age of 18. He described the curriculum and stated that the main purpose of education was for the benefit of the Kingdom of God. -
Old Deluder Satan Law of 1647
This Massachusetts law required towns to hire a teacher when there were at least fifty families and to build a Grammar School when the town reached 100 families.
http://www.mass.gov/courts/docs/lawlib/docs/deludersatan.pdf -
Ben Franklin's "Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania"
Ben Franklin called for the creation of an Academy for postsecondary education. He preferred for students to learn everything possible, but stated, "It is therefore propos'd that they learn those Things that are likely to be most useful and most ornamental. Regard being had to the several Professions for which they are intended" (para. 23).
http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/1749proposals.html -
Noah Webster's Blue-Backed Spellers
Noah Webster was a teacher and believed that the British textbooks that were used in American schools were not useful. He created his own textbooks for teaching grammar and changed spelling of words to more phonetic forms. He wrote A Grammatical Institute of the English Language, which became known as Blue-Backed Spellers.
https://www.noahwebsterhouse.org/discover/noah-webster-history.htm -
McGuffey Readers
McGuffey wrote one of the first grammar textbooks for American students. These consisted of the alphabet, phonics, sentences, and progressively more complex stories. Smith, Samuel J., "McGuffey Readers" (2008). Faculty Publications and Presentations. Paper 101.
http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/educ_fac_pubs/101 -
Horace Mann
He believed that a free education should be provided by the government for all children as it will provide them with the opportunity to have a career and reduce the economic and social gap.
Mann, H. (1846). Tenth annual report to the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education. Retrieved from http://nuonline.northwestu.edu/files/1838895/1846_-_Horace_Mann_-_10th_Report_lmsauth_e41f90e69a8922d0574b40f145039366a347e025.pdf -
The Committee of Ten
This committee was appointed by the National Education Association to determine the amount of time spent receiving an education, what courses would be offered and to whom, and methods of teaching and assessment.
https://books.google.com/books?id=PfcBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false -
William H. Kilpatrick
Kilpatrick was a student of John Dewey. He wrote The Project Method and believed that all children deserved an education. He felt that students should complete projects in order to “learn by doing” and to show their understanding. The learning is student directed and the teacher is there as a guide. -
Experience and Education by John Dewey
John Dewey believed that the purpose of education was to promote the well-being of the individual. Students are taught through experiential learning and student directed activities. Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and Education. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/ExperienceAndEducation Image Retrieved from https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/23/133723-004-E88B1C47.jpg -
The Eight-Year Study
Over an eight year period, high schools redesigned their curriculum to see if there were different outcomes for high school graduates and post-secondary outcomes. After the study, "more sophisticated" assessments were developed, along with "innovative adolescent study techniques; and novel programs of curriculum design, instruction, teacher education, and staff development" (para. 6). http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1947/Eight-Year-Study.html -
Educational Testing Service (ETS)
ETS conducts research and develops assessments in order to evaluate teachers, students, and programs.
https://www.ets.org/ -
American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE)
According to the AACTE website, the organization "is the leading voice on educator preparation. AACTE represents more than 800 postsecondary institutions with educator preparation programs dedicated to high-quality, evidence-based preparation that assures educators are ready to teach all learners."
http://aacte.org/about-aacte -
The Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction
Ralph Tyler's book, The Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction, used the results from The Eight Year Study to design curriculum planning based on identifying the school's purpose and experiences used, the organization of the experience, and the development of evaluative tools (Tyler, p. vii-viii).
https://books.google.com/books?id=5MpKR2czCUQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+8-year+study+(and+Ralph+Tyler)&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiHsaLRyOnVAhUI7mMKHURYB6UQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q&f=false -
National Science Foundation
According to Spring, "the National Science Foundation was created to ensure a supply of scientists, engineers, and mathematicians and to sponsor research" (p. 3). Education was the best way to guarantee this supply.
Spring, J. (2015). Economization of education: Human capital, global corporations, skills-based schooling. New York, NY. Routledge. -
Universal Military and Training Act
Military service became required for all men with the exception of those choosing to defer service in order to attend college or hold "jobs considered important for national defense" (Spring, 2015, p. 3).
Spring, J. (2015). Economization of education: Human capital, global corporations, skills-based schooling. New York, NY. Routledge. -
Brown vs. Board of Education
This landmark case changed how minorities receive an education. It also laid the groundwork for Special Education reform. Brown v. Board of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954). Retrieved from http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/347/483.html Image Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/grid_builder/mwr/crop16_9/FA3B6125-1DD8-B71B-0BD35F9057AD1BB3.jpg?width=950&quality=90&mode=crop -
National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE)
NCATE is a professional organization responsible for accrediting teachers. "NCATE is the teaching profession’s mechanism to help to establish high quality teacher, specialist, and administrator preparation. Through the process of professional accreditation of schools, colleges and departments of education, NCATE works to make a difference in the quality of teaching, teachers, school specialists and administrators."
Retrieved from http://www.ncate.org/Public/AboutNCATE/tabid/179/Default.aspx -
Diane Ravitch
Diane Ravitch's book, National Standards in American Education, called for increased standards in education. Since the publication standards have increased in every state (Taubman, 2009, p. 110).
Taubman, P.T. (2009). Teaching by numbers: Deconstructing the discourse of standards and accountability in education. New York, NY: Routledge -
Soviet Sputnick I
With the launching of Sputnick, the Soviet Union was in the technology forefront. Not to be outdone, the United States felt an increased demand for students to become scientists and engineers (Spring, 2015, p. 3).
Spring, J. (2015). Economization of education: Human capital, global corporations, skills-based schooling. New York, NY. Routledge. -
1958 National Defense Education Act
In an effort to keep pace with the Soviet Union, President Eisenhower demanded that funds be earmarked for education in “the fields of science, engineering, and math” (Spring, 2015, p. 3).
Spring, J. (2015). Economization of education: Human capital, global corporations, skills-based schooling. New York, NY. Routledge. -
Milton Friedman
Milton Friedman wrote Capitalism and Freedom and introduced the idea of school choice and the voucher system (Spring, 2015, p. 2).
Spring, J. (2015). Economization of education: Human capital, global corporations, skills-based schooling. New York, NY. Routledge. -
Theodore Shultz
Theodore Shultz was an economist and wrote The Economic Value of Education. In his writing, he equated students and schools in terms of "human capital" and industry (Spring, 2015, p. 2).
Spring, J. (2015). Economization of education: Human capital, global corporations, skills-based schooling. New York, NY. Routledge. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
"The purpose of ESEA was to provide additional resources for vulnerable students. ESEA offered new grants to districts serving low-income students, federal grants for textbooks and library books, created special education centers, and created scholarships for low-income college students. The law also provided federal grants to state educational agencies to improve the quality of elementary and secondary education" (para. 3).
Ed.gov (2015). Retrieved from https://blog.ed.gov/2015/04/what-is-esea/ -
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
NAEP is sponsored by the Department of Education. "NAEP collects and reports academic achievement at the national level, and for certain assessments, at the state and district levels. The results are widely reported by the national and local media, and are an integral part of our nation’s evaluation of the condition and progress of education."
https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/faq.aspx#ques1 -
A Nation At Risk
The Reagan Administration called for educational reforms with the goal of increasing global competitiveness.
United States. (1983). A nation at risk: the imperative for educational reform: a report to the Nation and the Secretary of Education, United States Department of Education. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/pubs/NatAtRisk/risk.html
Image Retrieved from http://www.newsworks.org/images/stories/flexicontent/l_20130509-nation-at-risk-300-1.jpg -
World Economic Forum’s Global Education Initiative
Spring stated, “the Forum plays an important role in the corporatizing of global education by advocating partnerships between governments and business to manage national school systems” (p. 105-106).
Spring, J. (2015). Economization of education: Human capital, global corporations, skills-based schooling. New York, NY. Routledge. -
E.D. Hirsch
Hirsch wrote Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (1987) and The Schools We Need and Why We Don’t Have Them (1996). He believes that all children should be taught Math, Science, Reading, Writing, and fundamental skills. He claims that students need to know facts in order to function in society. Students should be taught through rote-learning, memorization, and gaining basic, common knowledge. He called for Common standards to be determined by the Nation. -
Interstate Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (InTASC)
InTASC created standards to be taught by teacher educators to all teacher candidates. "Their purpose is to outline what all teachers should know and be able to do to help all students reach the goal of being college and career ready in today’s world" (para. 2).
http://www.ccsso.org/Documents/2010/InTASC_FAQ_2010.pdf -
Gary Becker
Gary Becker received the Nobel Prize in 1992. His research focused on an economic viewpoint of education. His work spans from his book, Human Capital, in 1964 to his columns in Business Week in 1997 (Spring, 2015, p. 1-2).
Spring, J. (2015). Economization of education: Human capital, global corporations, skills-based schooling. New York, NY. Routledge. -
Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC)
TEAC is a teacher educator accreditation program. "TEAC's goal is to support the preparation of competent, caring, and qualified professional educators."
http://www.teac.org/ -
NCATE and Performance Standards
National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education switched to using Performance Standards in 2000. This had a large impact on the field of education. -
NCATE and ETS
In 2001, NCATE and ETS joined forces to collaborate on standards and assessments. According to Peter Taubman, "ETS...joined with NCATE to ensure alignment between Praxis examinations for teacher licensing and NCATE" (2009, p. 31).
Taubman, P.T. (2009). Teaching by numbers: Deconstructing the discourse of standards and accountability in education. New York, NY: Routledge -
No Child Left Behind Act
States are required to test all students in reading and math and students are expected to at least meet standard in both areas. Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction (2011). No child left behind act. Retrieved from http://www.k12.wa.us/esea/NCLB.aspx Image Retrieved from https://d3el53au0d7w62.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/nochild.jpeg -
Teaching at Risk: A Call to Action
The Teaching Commission placed the onus of the U.S. economy on education and teachers. Their report calls for increased teacher training, both as professional development, new teacher mentoring, and teacher candidates. It also calls for increased accountability, incentives, and performance standards. Additionally, an emphasis is placed on science and math education. -
Academic Partnership Lead Us to Success (A-PLUS) Act
In Teaching by Numbers, Peter M. Taubam stated the A-PLUS Act "gives states much more power to determine how federal money is spent and how progress will be determined, powers that conservatives hope will not only fuel charter and voucher movements, but open up greater opportunities for profit-making corporations to enter the education market" (p. 32).
Taubman, P.T. (2009). Teaching by numbers: Deconstructing the discourse of standards and accountability in education. New York, NY: Routledge -
Race to the Top
As an incentive for States to adopt standards and assessments, use data to measure student growth, and improve instruction, States received grant money if they were among the top performing states. U.S. Department of Education (2009). Race to the top. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/programs/racetothetop/index.html Image Retrieved from https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sahakianrtt2012-121207090709-phpapp02/95/dawn-sahakian-race-to-the-top-1-638.jpg?cb=1354871302 -
Common Core State Standards
The CCSS is a set of academic guidelines for Math and English Language Arts. Learning standards are set for each grade level. The CCSS have been adopted by "Forty-two states, the District of Columbia, four territories, and the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA)" (para. 1).
(2017) Common Core State Standards Initiative. Retrieved from http://www.corestandards.org/standards-in-your-state/ -
Teacher/Principal Evaluation Program (TPEP)
TPEP is a method of evaluating educators. Using a four-tiered approach, teachers are assessed using a rubric to determine if they are meeting specific teaching standards.
http://www.k12.wa.us/TPEP/ -
Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP)
NCATE and TEAC joined together to form CAEP. "The scope of CAEP’s work is the accreditation of educator preparation providers having programs leading to certification/licensure, bachelor’s, master’s, post-baccalaureate, and doctoral degrees in the United States and internationally."
http://caepnet.org/accreditation/about-accreditation/what-is-accreditation -
edTPA
edTPA was created at Standford University as a form of assessment for teaching candidates. It's used to assess the ability of teaching candidates to teach to specific standards.
http://edtpa.aacte.org/about-edtpa -
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
This bill is a re-authorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965.
U.S. Department of Education (2017). Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/essa/index.html
