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Common school was to provide a more centralized and efficient school system. The Schools were free, locally funded and governed, regulated to some degree by the state. https://ap.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/first-age-reform/essays/education-reform-antebellum-america#:~:text=The%20main%20purpose%20of%20the,life%20in%20an%20industrial%20society.&text=Mann%20and%20the%20common%20school,then%2C%20as%20well%20as%20now. -
The US Supreme Court, Ruled and the Court case of 1896 in Plessy V. Ferguson Separate but equal. The Supreme Court also citing the ruling in the Roberts school case in Massachusetts in 1859, ruled that “equal but separate”. (https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/prologue.html) -
Justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. (https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka ) -
The NDEA act of 1958 established the legitimacy of federal funding of higher education and made substantial funds available for low-cost student loans, boosting public and private colleges and universities. (https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Sputnik_Spurs_Passage_of_National_Defense_Education_Act.htm#:~:text=The%20National%20Defense%20Education%20Act%20of%201958%20became%20one%20of,and%20private%20colleges%20and%20universities.) -
The Program of 1965 was designed to help break the cycle of poverty by providing preschool children of low-income families with a comprehensive program to meet their emotional, social, health, nutritional, and psychological needs. (https://www.decal.ga.gov/HeadStart/History.aspx#:~:text=Project%20Head%20Start%2C%20launched%20as,%2C%20nutritional%2C%20and%20psychological%20needs.) -
In June of 1972 Title IX prohibits federally funded educational institutions from discriminating against students or employees based on sex. (https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/title-ix-enacted) -
The IDEA act is a federal law that entitles every child with a disability to a free, appropriate public education (FAPE). President Gerald Ford signed into law in 1975. (https://sites.ed.gov/idea/IDEA-History) -
In 1983 under President Regan's leadership the reform movement calls for clear, measurable standards for all school students. Curriculum, assessments, and professional development are aligned to the standards. (https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ842865.pdf)
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The Law of 2002 held schools accountable for how kids learned and achieved. The law was controversial the law was met with adversity because it penalized schools that didn't show improvement. (https://www.britannica.com/topic/No-Child-Left-Behind-Act) -
ESSA The act requires—for the first time—that all students in America be taught to high academic standards that will prepare them to succeed in college and careers. (https://www.ed.gov/essa?src=rn#:~:text=ESSA%20Highlights&text=The%20law%3A,succeed%20in%20college%20and%20careers.)