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Period: 30,000 BCE to
Beginnings to Exploration
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1200 BCE
Human sacrifice - Aztecs
human sacrifice existed within Aztecs since the time of the Olmecs (1200-400 BC). Human sacrifice was embedded in their everyday life which made them so distinguished from other civilizations. In Mesoamerican culture, human sacrifices were viewed as a repayment for the sacrifices the gods had themselves made in creating the world and the sun. the burning of blood-soaked paper strips was a common form of sacrifice, as was the burning of tobacco and incense. -
1200 BCE
Olmec's - bloodletting
Bloodletting is purposely cutting the human body to release blood, this is an ancient ritual, associated with both healing and sacrifice. Olmec started the bloodletting and sacrifice. people would cut their skin, letting blood drip from their body onto cloth or paper and burn the material. some records show that by doing this, it was the only way to communicate with the gods. shark's teeth, maguey thorns, stingray spines, and obsidian blades were used to cut the skin. -
1347
the black death
a deadly plague traveled west along trade routes from central Asia and emerged the continent. This wiped out entire villages and killed as many as twenty-five million people. One hypothesis is that Italian traders caught the plague during the Mongol siege, where the attackers allegedly hurled the bodies of plague victims over the city walls. The traders fled the city, returning to Genoa with the disease. Within months, 60 percent of the city population was dead. -
1440
The Renaissance Printing Press
This era bridged the time between the Middle Ages and modern times. A German goldsmith named Johannes Gutenberg invented it mid 15th century. As it enabled the fast flow of information and encouraged the spread of new ideas, it was also a tremendous driving force behind the spread of Protestantism across Europe. Now that books were being translated from Latin into different languages, people began to question why Mass was still being delivered in Latin and began to question the church itself. -
1492
Christopher Columbus - 4 voyages
columbus when on an expedition to find a westward route to Asia, which led him to the Americas. These continents were very unknown in Europe & outside the old world. When Columbus found the sources of spices & other goods, that's when they discovered the New World. columbus made a total of 4 voyages between 1492 and 1502.the first voyage of discovery from Spain.an attempt to establish a permanent Spanish colony on his 2nd.figured the earth was round when he discovered Trinidad. -
1492
Columbian exchange
the columian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, named for Christopher Columbus. this exchange was the spread of plants, animals, culture, human population, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the new world and West Africa. But through this also brought disease. the most significant impact of the Columbian exchange was the transfer of enslaved and free people between continents. -
1500
Triangular Trade
Triangular Trade is a term meaning trade in three regions. this was also known as the transatlantic slave trade. this was operated from 16th to early 19th century. they carried slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers. they used African slaves was fundamental to growing cash crops and were brought to Europe. the first part of the trade was from Europe to Africa than to the new world on ships and cargo. -
1517
Martin Luther 95 theses
His “95 Theses,” which propounded two central belief, that the Bible is the central religious authority and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds, was to spark the Protestant Reformation. he wrote this as a protest against the selling of indulgences which were certificates believed to reduce the temporal punishment in purgatory for sins committed by the purchasers or their loved ones. he believed that sins could be forgiven by belife rather than purchasing. -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
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Virginia- John Smith
John Smith was an English soldier, explorer, colonial governor, and author. he was the leader of the Virginia Colony. he led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay, during which he became the first English explorer to map the Chesapeake area, he then explored and mapped the coast of New England. In 1609 he trained the first settlers to farm and work to save the colony from early devastation. the harsh weather almost destroyed the colony. -
Plymouth Colony
was an English colonial venture in North America. the settlement served as the capital of the colony and developed as the town of Plymouth. at Plymouth max, it occupied most of the southeastern portion of Massachusetts. a group of puritans or Brownist emigration who came to be known as the Pilgrims founded Plymouth. this was one of the earliest successful colonies to be founded by the English and was the first permanent English settlement in the New England region. Many left to find religion. -
navigation acts
the navigation acts were acts of the parliament to promote the self-sufficiency of the British Empire by restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign imported goods. while enriching Britain, caused resentment in the colonies and contributed to the American Revolution. The Navigation Acts required all of a colony's imports to be either bought from Britain or resold by British merchants in Britain, no matter what price could be obtained elsewhere -
Quakers
started as the society of friends. "tremble at the word of the lord". they are members of a Christian religious movement that was around the 17th century and spread to the US and some other countries. Some of these Quakers came from North America to spread the beliefs to British colonists there, but some moved to avoid persecution they had in Europe. William Robinson and Marmaduke Stevenson are two of the Quakers who escaped but then were executed for their beliefs, they violated 2 laws passed. -
Nataniel Bacon
He was a colonist of the Virginia colony and he was a Virginia planter, and leader of Bacon's Rebellion, which was the first popular revolt in England's North American colonies. These settlers and Bacon led a rebellion against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. The rebellion was caused when Berkeley refused to attack against the native Americans. this is when farmers came together to report a new raiding party. Bacon then arrived with a large bribe to the colonist and he was then elected. -
slavery - middle passage
the middle passage was the part of the trade where slaves were densely packed onto ships. They were then transported across the Atlantic to the west indies. a voyage like this took three to four months. these salves were usually chained up in rows and along the floors and walls. that slaves on the walls weren't usually able to sit up. they usually carried as many as six hundred people on each ship. the conditions on these ships were terrible. they were also illegal slave ships. -
William Penn
was a writer,English nobleman,an early Quaker, and the founder of the English North American colony.He was an early advocate of democracy and religious freedom.King Charles II had some debt with Penn's father,he paid them back by giving Penn American land.this land includes present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware.He was born into an Anglican family but then joined the religious society of friends or Quakers.Penn was educated at Chigwell School,Essex where he had his earliest religious experience -
Salem Witch Trails
these trails were about people being accused of witchcraft in Massachusetts. more than 200 people were accused and nineteen of them were found guilty and killed by hanging them (fourteen women and 5 men). This was the deadliest wich hunt in the history of the US. The “hunts” were efforts to identify witches rather than pursuits of individuals who were already thought to be witches. Witches were considered to be followers of Satan who had traded their souls for his assistance -
The Enlightenment
this movement was an intellectual and philosophical movement that took over the world of peoples ideas in Europe in the 18th century(AKA the "Century of philosophy").it was reason and science. science, not superstition. people think for themselves. people started to question the bible.John Locke pushed for natural rights. many people created new ways of thinking and many new beliefs. Deism is one of those beliefs,they believe God creates the world and lets it be,while evil results from ignorance -
Period: to
Colonial America (To 1763)
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steam power engines
a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a cylinder.The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine.The cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for power production and utilizes the phase change of water.The first commercial engine producing continuous rotary motion was not developed until 1712 by Newcomen -
the great awakening
1730-1770. secularism starts to happen. John Edward said people are like spiders hanging over a pit of domination. a consumer-oriented society which means turning the society materialistic. Many scared into becoming religious. elite American universities founded. colonial society change- George Whitfield preached the gospel, choosing a congregation, spiritual needs. ordinary people are given a voice. Native Americans saw Jesus as a symbol, pre-contact ways of life, they didn't trade with whites. -
Millennialism- Shakers
this is a belief advanced by some religious denominations that a Golden Age or Paradise will occur on Earth before the final judgment and future eternal state of the world to come. These millenarian movements often led to considerable social unrest. based on some concept of a one-thousand-year cycle. Those who are part of millennial social movements are "prone to be violent," with certain types of millennialism connected to violence. there are 4 different waves of millennialism teachings. -
French and Indian war/ seven year war
England, France, Spain fought for territory. Britain nad colonies desire more western land. France desired more land south. Ohio company of Virginia. Fort Duquesne. governor of Virginia ordered Duquesne seize. George Washington gets captured and starts a war. British sends army and militia to control Ohio territory which causes many setbacks. British rollout new policy to defeat French in 1757. captured Quebec and Montrail. 10,000 man army and a large navy. first real world war -
Fort Duquesne
this was a fort built by the French in 1754 at the of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers which forms the Ohio rivers. this was considered strategically for trying to control Ohio country. the fort was taken over by the English and then it was taken over by the Americans and developed as Pittsburgh. later fort Duquesne was destroyed by the French because of the English conquest during the Seven years war was on the North American front. Fort Pitt replaced it in 1758. -
Treaty of Paris 1763
this treaty ended the French and Indian War/Seven-year war between Great Britain and France. the British were looking into ending the war from seeing all of the expenses and how expensive it was. The Government had to finance the war with debt. Many doubted Great Britains ability to repay the loans back they received. they kept making the attempts to negotiate a peace settlement, most of them failed and were denied, they then brought in a family compact that means they bring spain into the war. -
Period: to
The Revolutionary War
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Boston Massacre
a crowd of Bostoniaries harassed British soldiers. soldiers fired into these crowds. Paul reveres fictitious account was the first example of American propaganda and many in the countries were outraged. But the reason leading to this is that there were high tensions in Boston. as many as 2,000 or more soldiers were inside the city and pushed taxes and enforced them to make them pay. a soldier was being harassed and struck a man this then escalated to break out a "massacre". -
Boston tea party
Drunk Bostonians dressed up as Indians. 340 chests looted. the Boston tea party happened because Britain was in debt so the British Parliament imposed some taxes on the colonists to help pay those debts. the stamp act was the first which taxed colonists on every piece of paper they used. then came the Townshend Acts which taxed essentials like paint, paper, glass, lead, and tea. But Britain thought these taxes were fair since much of its debt was earned fighting wars on the colonists behalf. -
acts of parliament
an act of parliament creates a new law or changes are existing law. An act is a bill that is approved by both houses (house of commons and house of the lords). a draft act of parliament is known as a bill. to get a bill passed it must be read once, then read a second time, then get consideration, then the third reading, passage, consideration of Senate and representatives, then the bill is sent to the viceroy. the stamp act is an example of an act of parliament. -
Dunmore's Proclamation
John Murray, governor of the British,Earl Dunmore signed this historical document. In the document,he declared martial law and adjudged all revolutionaries as traitors to the crown.it also declared that indentured servants, blacks, and others free that are able and willing to bear arms. dunmore expected a revolt to have a lot of effects. but in general, he knew it would strengthen his forces. he hoped that this an action would create a fear of a slave uprising. which would abandon the revolution -
Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine was an English American writer who wrote common sense and many other writings that influenced American revolution and helped pave the way for the declaration of independence. Common sense was one of his most influential pieces. this piece brought his ideas to a vast audience, swaying public opinion to the view that independence from Britain was a necessity. his writing was worded in a way that forces the reader to make a choice immediately. this helped the colonists make a choice. -
The Declaration of Independence
Jefferson had a good reputation as a voice of the patriotic after his publication of A Summary View of the Rights of British America. so he was given the task of producing a draft of what would become the declaration of independence. as he drafted it, it was divided into five sections, an introduction, a preamble, a body (divided into two sections) and a conclusion. in the intro, it stated that seeking independence has become necessary for the colonies. while the body outlined the grievances. -
Constitution of Massachusetts
The Constitution of Massachusetts also called the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is one of the oldest functioning constitutions in effect in the world. also, was the first constitution to be created by a convention called with purpose rather than by a legislative body. The state held four constitutional conventions of elected delegates. John Adams drafted it and the constitution was a model for the United Staes constitution. Massachusetts invetns the constitutional convention. -
articles of confederation
this was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as the first constitution. it was debated so much but finally approved between July 1776 and November 1777 and was then sent to states for ratification. The Articles formed a war-time confederation of states, with a minimal central government. confederation congress. weak- couldn't force taxation, relied on requisitions, states didn't comply. short on funds. pensions. revolt against US gov. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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Treaty of Paris 1783
peace was negotiated. Representing the United States were Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Henry Laurens, and John Adams. David Hartley and Richard Oswald represented Great Britain. they established northern border with British and North America/Canada. The United States recognized as an independent and sovereign. restores loyalist properties. mississippi river access to both nations.This treaty and the separate peace treaties between Great Britain and the nations that supported the American cause -
Shay's Rebellion
post-war recession, bad for everyone, farms seized, daniel shay led the rebellion and revolutionary war veterans, began to spread, rebellion put down, rebellion creates a sense of urgency, leaders of the board with the change. the government wasn't able to recruit soldiers for the army because of a lacking of funding. so Massachusetts leaders acted independently.so the governor proposed creating a privately funded militia army. while they did that shay and day and the leaders organized their own -
The Great Debate
protests and debates. The articles of confederation were fragile, but these weaknesses introduced a big deal of interstate conflict. In the debate, there were two sides, the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. the Federalists wanted to ratify the constitution while the anti-federalist didn't want too. one of the major issues these two parties debated was the inclusion of the bill of rights. the Federalists felt like the extension wasn't necessary bc it only limited the goernment not the people. -
Constitutional Convention
the constitutional convention is the gathering of members to write a new constitution or revise the existing constitution, but at that time the convention wasn't intended to draft a new constitution. this took place in Pennsylvania state house. The convention was intended to revise the league of states and the first system of gov. under the articles of confederation. james madison and Alexander Hamilton wanted to create a new government rather than try to fix the old one. -
Northwest Ordinance
the Confederation Congress adopted this. a new system for admission to the union. governors. legislatures. rejected slavery. future admission for new states. It created the Northwest Territory. this was the first organized territory of the United States. The upper Mississippi River formed the Territory's western boundary. This was the pressure from the western expansion and the settlers, tense diplomatic relations, violent confrontations with native Americans, the weakness of AOC, & the gov. -
Election of 1788
this was the first presidential election. George Washington was elected, everyone liked him, god-like figure. No vice president, John Adams ran and got second place. George Washington distinguished himself and his role in the continental army as a Commander in chief in the American revolution which got him very popular. there were no federal parties established back then so we can't say if they were a federalist or anti-federalist. Washington won the most popular vote and the electoral vote. -
Period: to
New Republic
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Three Branches
There are three branches inside the government and the first one involves The President of the United States, he administers the executive branch. this is 1 single man elected by the people, 3-man compromise, legislative pick, life-term, a single term, or re-election. The next one is the Legislative branch which is the Congress, they are the ones that make our laws and they are divided into 2 parts, the Senate and the house of representatives. Judicial includes the supreme court and 9 justices. -
Whiskey Rebellion
pennsylvania and Kentucky farmers. Whiskey economically important/earns a substantial profit. then farmers revolted. 6,000 threaten to attack Pittsburgh, Washington leads the army. first major domestic test of the constitution. the whiskey excise was immediately controversial, with many people on the frontier arguing that it unfairly targeted westerners. The tax applied to all distilled spirits, but American whiskey was by far the country's most popular distilled beverage in the 18th century. -
telegraph
is the long-distance transmission of textual or symbolic messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Telegraphy requires that the method used for encoding the message be known to both sender and receiver. The first telegraphs came in the form of optical telegraph, including the use of smoke signals, beacons, or reflected light, which has existed since ancient times. they used telescopes, clocks, and codebooks to send their messages. at a distance of 9.9 miles -
Bank of the United States
this was a national bank.depository. makes loans.stabilize currency and economy. private investors. sets of constitutionality issues.it was chartered for a term of twenty years. was one of the three major financial innovations proposed and supported by Hamilton. Hamilton had three measures which were to establish financial order, establish credit for the new nation, and resolve the issue of the flat currency issued by the continental congress immediately because of the American revolutionary war -
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments to the Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. James Madison wrote these amendments which list different restrictions on the government's power for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties. Virginia Declaration of rights strongly influenced the bill of rights. One main central conflict with the federalists and the anti-federalists was that the constitutions lack of a bill of rights that would place specific limits on the governments power. -
Cotton Gin
a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, enabling much higher productivity than manual cotton separation. Whitney's cotton gin model was capable of cleaning 50 pounds of lint per day. The model consisted of a wooden cylinder surrounded by rows of slender spikes, which pulled the lint through the bars of a comb-like grid. Galveston, Texas became significant shipping ports, deriving substantial economic benefit from cotton raised throughout the South. -
Jay's Treaty
was a treaty between the United States and Great Britain that resolved issues remaining since the treaty of Paris 1783. The United States now emerged as an essential neutral country with a large shipping trade. from the British point of view improving the relationship with the United States was a high priority lest it moves into the French orbit. the Jay Treaty gave it a strong impetus and is generally taken as the start of modern international arbitration. Both sides achieved many objectives -
XYZ affair
Jay's treaty caused problems.limited French seize ships.American envoys go to France. concessions. 250,00 to speak to XYZ.10 million dollars to loan to France for the US. word gets out. Undeclared naval war.Army triples. navy department.a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to an undeclared war called the Quasi-War. three American diplomats Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry. The failure of the commission caused a political firestorm -
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The Age of Jefferson
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Election of 1800
End of naval war. Negotiate treaty (Napolean, Adams). Napolean supports against Britain. divisions among federalists. Adam saw as weak. divided party. Adam vs Jefferson- Jefferson wins this time, Jefferson ties with Aaron Burr, the house of representatives, deal struck (Hamilton), Hamilton persuades house to vote for Jefferson, Jefferson doesn't undo federalist legislation, Jefferson lesser of two evils, Hamilton and burr hate each other, 12th amendment with require separate ballots for VP and P -
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson wanted a nation of farmers. spain ceded Louisiana back to France. napoleon threatened to close New Orleans. diplomats sent to Paris. jefferson a hypocrite. believes in the limited power of government. jefferson buys Louisiana. afraid napoleon would back out. need to amend the constitution. less than 3 cents an acre. secures Mississippi river. doubled the size of the nation. between the United States and France, in which the U.S. got land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. -
Hamilton vs Burr
duels were illegal but they did it to settle things back then. Burr vice president. Hamilton dies. federalist main leader dead. this is one of the most famous personal conflicts in American history, It was a pistol duel. Burr survived the duel and was indicted for murder in both New York and New Jersey, though these charges were later either dismissed or resulted in acquittal. The duel was the final skirmish of a protracted conflict between Democratic-Republicans and Federalists. -
steamboats
a boat that is propelled primarily by steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels. Early attempts at powering a boat by steam were made by the French inventor Denis Papin and the English inventor Thomas Newcomen. Newcomen's was able to produce mechanical power, but produced reciprocating motion and was very large and heavy. The first steam-powered ship Pyroscaphe was a paddle steamer powered by a Newcomen steam engine; it was built in France in 1783 by Marquis Claude de Jouffroy. -
Period: to
Westward Expansion
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Oregon Trail
The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and traders from about 1811 to 1840 and was only passable on foot or by horseback. The Oregon Trail was a roughly 2,000-mile route from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon, which was used by hundreds of thousands of American pioneers in the mid-1800s to emigrate west. they wanted to participate in the fur trade. People went to Oregon hoping to claim land and to settle in the fertile Willamette Valley.first of the migrant train of wagons made. -
Fort McHenry
it's role in the War of 1812 when it successfully defended Baltimore Harbor from an attack by the British navy. It was first built in 1798 and was used continuously by the U.S. armed forces through World War I and by the Coast Guard in World War II. a big flag was flown over the fort while it was being bombed. the next day it was replaced with a more prominent flag showing victory over the British in the battle. Alexander Cochrane continuously bombarded Fort McHenry for 25 hours -
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The American Industrial Revolution
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2nd bank of the united states
A private corporation with public duties, the bank handled all financial transactions for the U.S. Government and was accountable to Congress and the U.S. Treasury. Twenty percent of its capital was owned by the federal government, the bank's single largest stockholder. Four thousand private investors held 80% of the bank's capital, including one thousand Europeans. A few hundred wealthy Americans held the bulk of the stocks. back then it was the largest monied corporation in the world. -
panic of 1819
the first significant peacetime financial crisis in the United States. The Panic announced the transition of the nation from its colonial commercial status with Europe toward an independent economy. the impressive post-War of 1812 economic expansion ended. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment. -
McCulloch vs Maryland
a U.S. Supreme Court decision that established that the Elastic Clause of the U.S. Mayland had attempted to impede the operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland.When the Maryland courts upheld this law, the Bank, in the name of its Baltimore branch cashier James W. McCulloch, appealed to the Supreme Court.argued the case on behalf of the Bank. Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the unanimous opinion of the Court -
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Cultural Changes
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Missouri Crisis
the Missouri crisis was the legislation that provided for the admission to the United States of Maine as a free state along with Missouri as a slave state.also trying to maintain the balance of power between north and south in the United States Senate. As part of the compromise,slavery was prohibited north of the 36°30′ parallel.To preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states,it was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. -
Age of the common man
Changes in state constitutions also led to more people being allowed to vote. the election in 1828 of Andrew Jackson indicated a shift towards more democratic ideals. Jackson’s humble background and Tennessee roots made his rise to the presidency a powerful metaphor for the self-reliance of the “common man.” During the Jacksonian Era, white men who did not own land gained the right to vote, and therefore more political power. jackson compared himself to the people which made them vote for him. -
Edgar Allen Poe
Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole. he is generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. he became more popular in Europe than in the United States. many would say that Poe and his characters shared identities. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
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Election of 1824
No picked successor. 4 candidates- John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, William Crawford. Jackson wins the popular vote, not the electoral college. Adam's chosen. Jacksons angry and bitter. corrupt Bargain (clay and Adams).John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, after the House of Representatives decided the election.notable for being the only time since the passage of the Twelfth Amendment in which the House of Representatives decided the presidential election -
Lowell Mills
The Lowell system was "unprecedented and revolutionary for its time". Not only was it was faster and more efficient, it was considered more humane than the textile industry in Great Britain by "paying in cash, hiring young adults instead of children, and by offering employment for only a few years and providing educational opportunities to help workers move on to better jobs. not only did women have experience weaving and spinning, they could be paid less than men, that's why they hired them. -
Free-Black Communities
Largest in North and Midwest. segregation. discrimination and prejudice. completed for jobs with immigrants. hostilities and additional prejudice. These free communities often faced difficult circumstances as they tried to exist on the border between enslavement and full freedom. People who had been born free frequently became active supporters of abolitionist movements. Free people of color often moved to cities or towns where they hoped to find some security in both anonymity and wage labor -
Temperance Movement
Frances Willard was the leader of this movement. this is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.Participants in the movement typically criticize alcohol intoxication. the leaders pushed the adverse effects of what alcohol does to the body and much more.increasingly critical of the widespread drunkenness among the lower classes.Early temperance societies often associated with churches.temperance popularized by evangelical temperance reformers and among the middle classes -
Indian Removal Act of 1830
signed into law by President Andrew Jackson authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. many resisted the relocation policy. During the fall and winter of 1838 and 1839, the Cherokees were forcibly moved west by the United States government. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died on this forced march. The act enjoyed strong support from the people of the South.resistance from the Indian tribes & the Whig Party -
Ralph Waldo Emerson
was an American philosopher, essayist, and poet of the early Modern period. He was the leader of the Transcendentalism movement in the mid-19th Century.he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of transcendentalism. became the leading voice of intellectual culture in the United States -
Nullification Crisis
the presidency of Andrew Jackson, which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government.it started after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state. The doctrine of nullification had been advocated by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. the supremacy of the federal government and warning that “disunion by armed force is treason." force bill was passed. -
election of 1836
Democrat Martin Van Buren defeated several Whig Party candidates led by William Henry Harrison. Martin Van Buren.barley won the election against whigs. inherited bad economy. panic of 1837. In the third consecutive election victory for the Democratic Party. Whigs had only recently emerged and were primarily united by their opposition to Jackson.Unable to agree on a single candidate. The Whig strategy failed,as Van Buren won a majority of the electoral and popular vote.an important turning point -
iron plow
John Deere invented the steel plow. It was used for farming to break up hardened soil without soil getting stuck to it. John Deere invented the steel plow in 1837 when the Middle-West was being settled. The soil was different than that of the East and wood plows kept breaking. He invented it in Grand Detour, Illinois where he had settled. He made his first plow out of an old blade saw. He then did tests on different types of soil. The steel plow was the first step to making farm equipment. -
Trail of Tears
forced relocations of Native American peoples from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States, to areas to the west that had been designated as Indian Territory. following the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830. the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee people were forcibly removed from their traditional lands in the Southeastern United States and moved more to the west. On these relocations, many Indians died from the weather, diseases, or even starving. -
Manifest Destiny
Jacksonian Democracy for white future in the west. Belief in native Americans extinction. the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable. Manifest Destiny was the idea that Americans were destined, by God, to govern the North American continent. This idea, with all the accompanying transformations of landscape, culture, and religious belief it implied, had deep roots in American culture. -
Bear Flag Revolt
a small group of American settlers in California rebelled against the Mexican government and proclaimed California an independent republic. The republic was short-lived because soon after the Bear Flag was raised, the U.S. military began occupying California, which went on to join the union in 1850. Mexican leaders worried that many of these settlers were not genuinely interested in becoming Mexican subjects and would soon push for annexation of California to the United States. -
Mexican American War
it was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States (Mexico) from 1846 to 1848. Another cause of the war was slavery. American citizens in the south wished to gain more "slave states" to increase their political power. Ultimately, it was a battle for land where Mexico was fighting to keep what they thought was their property and the U.S. desired to retain the disputed land of Texas and obtain more of Mexico's northern lands. -
Wilmot Proviso
The Wilmot Proviso was a proposal to prohibit slavery in the territory acquired by the United States at the conclusion of the Mexican War. In 1846,David Wilmot a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania proposed the Wilmot Proviso.He attached the proviso to an appropriations bill to pay Mexico for land that the United States had seized as a result of the Mexican War.The Wilmot Proviso would have prevented slavery's expansion into any of this new territory -
John Bell
John Bell was elected Tennessee senator in 1847, serving in the Senate until 1859. He was also a U.S. presidential nominee before the American Civil War. aligned himself with the Whig Party, later earned a nickname "The Great Apostate." Although a slaveowner, Bell was one of the few southern politicians to oppose the expansion of slavery in the 1850s.he argued that secession was unnecessary since the Constitution protected slavery, an argument which resonated with voters in border states. -
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Sectionalism
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California gold rush
the gold rush started when James W. Marshall found gold on his piece of land at Sutter's Mill in Coloma. The gold rush peaked in 1852 and after that, the gold reserves were getting thinner and harder to reach so that more sophisticated methods of mining had to be employed.The news of gold brought approximately 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. the effects of this were Whole indigenous societies were attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold-seekers -
Seneca Falls Convention
it was the first women's rights convention. a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman. Held in Seneca Falls, New York. Attracting widespread attention, it was soon followed by other women's rights conventions. The meeting comprised six sessions including a lecture on law and multiple discussions about the role of women in society. while others viewed it as a revolutionary beginning to the struggle by women for complete equality with men. -
Zach Taylor
was the 12th President of the United States, serving from March 1849 until his death in July 1850. Taylor previously was a career officer in the United States Army, rose to the rank of major general and became a national hero as a result of his victories in the Mexican–American War. As a result, he won election to the White House despite his vague political beliefs. His top priority as president was preserving the Union, but he died sixteen months into his term. -
Harriet Tubman
an American abolitionist and political activist. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved people, family, and friends. using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. she served as an armed scout and spy for the United States Army. In 1849, Tubman escaped to Philadelphia, then immediately returned to Maryland to rescue her family. she then began to start rescuing groups. -
Underground Railroad
a network of secret routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early to mid-19th century and used by African-American slaves to escape into free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause. The term is also applied to the abolitionists, both black and white, free and enslaved, who aided the fugitives. More than 30,000 people were said to have escaped there via the network during its 20-year peak period. walk, boat, train -
compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 called for the admission of California as a free state; the strengthening of the Fugitive Slave Law; popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico concerning the question of slavery; the abolition of the slave trade in D.C.; and the federal assumption of Texas's debt. five separate bills passed by the United States Congress, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired during the Mexican–American War -
Herman Melville
he was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance period. he was best known for his romantic account experience in Polynesian life. His first book was Typee, he wrote this in 1846. This was a bestseller and one of the most popular books back then. He then wrote sequels to this book and succeed from this and earned lots of money. Melville's early works were "increasingly baroque" in style, and with Moby-Dick Melville's vocabulary had grown superabundant. -
Uncle Tom's cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe's inspiration for Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly was the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which made aiding or assisting runaway slaves a crime in free states. Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was first published in 1852, is thus a deliberate and carefully written anti-slavery argument. was inspired by the memoir of a real person: Josiah Henson. Maryland attorney Jim Henson outside the cabin where his relative, Josiah Henson, lived as a slave. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The Kansas-Nebraska Act infuriated many in the North who considered the Missouri Compromise to be a long-standing binding agreement. In the pro-slavery South, it was strongly supported. The anti-slavery settlers held another election, however, pro-slavery settlers refused to vote -
John Browns Raid
was an exertion by abolitionist John Brown to start an outfitted slave revolt in 1859 by assuming control over the United States munitions stockpile at Harpers Ferry. A company of U.S. Marines defeated Brown's party of 22. is considered one of the significant events that ultimately led to the American Civil War. Brown was hanged December 2 for murder and treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia. an effort he initiates an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States Arsenal. -
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The Civil War
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Robert E. Lee
he was an American and Confederate soldier, best known as a commander of the Confederate States Army. He commanded the Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrendered. he served throughout the United States, distinguished himself during the Mexican–American War, and served as Superintendent of the United States Military Academy. after the war, Lee was paroled and signed an oath of allegiance, asking to have his citizenship of the United States restored -
Twenty Negro Law
this law also is known as the "Twenty-Slave Law" and the was a piece of legislation enacted by the Confederate Congress during the American Civil War. The law addressed Confederate fears of a slave rebellion due to so many white men being absent from home, as they were fighting in the Confederate army. one white man for every twenty slaves owned on a Confederate plantation, or for two or more plantations within five miles of each other that collectively had twenty or more slaves. -
Emancipation Proclamation
the Emancipation Proclamation granted freedom to the slaves in the Confederate States if the States did not come back to the Association by January 1, 1863. Also, under this decree, the opportunity would just go to the slaves if the Association won the war. By the Leader of the Unified Conditions of America: A Decree. The Emancipation Proclamation didn't free all of the slaves in the US. it didn't apply to border slave states Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri which all remained loyal -
Conscription Act
During the Civil War, the U.S. Congress passes a conscription act that produces the first wartime draft of U.S. citizens in American history. The act called for registration of all males between the ages of 20 and 45, including aliens with the intention of becoming citizens. The Confederacy had far fewer inhabitants than the Union, and Confederate President Jefferson Davis proposed the first conscription act on March 28, 1862; it was passed into law the next month. -
Battle of Vicksburg
the battle allowed the Union Army to take control of the Mississippi River from the Confederacy. The Union had sought to capture the Mississippi, as well as river and seaports throughout the South, in the ''Anaconda Plan''. Vicksburg's loss was in many ways more important to the war. Now, Union forces had complete control of the Mississippi River and had in effect cut the Confederacy in two. Confederate forces in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were now isolated from the rest of the South. -
Gettysburg Address
a speech that U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivered during the American Civil War at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery. Lincoln's carefully crafted address came to be seen as one of the greatest and most influential statements of American national purpose. In just 271 words, beginning with the now-iconic phrase "Four score and seven years ago," referring to the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Lincoln was scared that his speech wasnt going to be good enough. -
Lincoln's 10% Plan
was a United States presidential declaration issued on December 8, 1863, by President Abraham Lincoln, amid the American Civil War.By this point in the war (about three years in),the Union Army had driven the Confederate Army out of a few districts of the South, and some insubordinate states were prepared to have their administrations modified. Lincoln's arrangement set up a procedure through which this after war recreation could come to fruition.plans for the postwar reconstruction of the South -
Wade-Davis Bill
was created by the Radical Republicans, who believed that absolute punishment had to be levied against the South as a condition of re-admittance during Reconstruction. The bill called for a complete abolition of slavery to prevent it from surviving in any way after the war. The Wade-Davis Bill required that 50 percent of a state’s white males take a loyalty oath to be readmitted to the Union. Also, states were required to give blacks the right to vote. vetoed by Lincoln and never took effect. -
black codes
were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 in the United States after the American Civil War with the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom,and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.Reconstruction did away with the black codes.designed to limit the freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force after slavery was abolished during the Civil War. Mississippi and South Carolina first black codes -
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Reconstruction
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Freeman's Bureau
was established in 1865 by Congress to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. provided food, housing, and medical aid established schools and offered legal assistance. It also attempted to settle former slaves on land confiscated or abandoned during the war. It was put together by the federal government to help freed slaves and refugees transition to freedom and the new society the South faced after the Civil War. -
Abraham Lincoln Assassination
Shot in the head by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln died the next morning. The assassination occurred only days after the surrender at Appomattox Court House of Gen. Lincoln’s death plunged much of the country into despair, and the search for Booth and his accomplices was the most massive manhunt in American history to that date. At 10:15,Booth slipped into the box and fired his .44-caliber single-shot derringer pistol into the back of Lincoln’s head, after he got past a guard -
freedom amendments
The Thirteenth Amendment, sanctioned by the states on December 6, 1865, nullified servitude "inside the United States, or wherever subject to their ward." Congress required previous Confederate states to approve the Thirteenth Amendment as a state of recapturing government portrayal. the Fourteenth Amendment allowed citizenship to all people. the amendment prohibited states from disenfranchising voters “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." -
KKK
this was one of many secret oath-bound organizations using violence. It sought to overthrow the Republican state governments in the South during the Reconstruction Era, especially by using violence against African-American leaders. With numerous autonomous chapters across the South, it was suppressed around 1871, through federal law enforcement. Klan members adopted masks and robes that hid their identities and added to the drama of their night rides, their chosen time for attacks. -
railroads
The development of railroads was one of the most important events of the Industrial Revolution. With their formation,construction and operation,they brought profound social,economic and political change to a country. The railroad was first developed in Great Britain. A man named George Stephenson successfully applied the steam technology of the day and created the world's first successful locomotive.The first engines used in the United States were purchased from the Stephenson works in England. -
Compromise of 1877
this compromise resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election between Democratic candidate Samuel Tilden and Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes.Democrats concurred that Rutherford Hayes would progress toward becoming president in return for the withdrawal of government troops from the South and the conceding of home standard in the South.President Hayes' withdrawal of government troops from Louisiana and South Carolina denoted a noteworthy defining moment in American political history -
Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass has been called the father of the civil rights movement. He rose through determination, brilliance, and eloquence to shape the American nation.He was an abolitionist, human rights and women's rights activist, orator, author, journalist, publisher, and social reformer. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York.He wrote many autobiographies about his experiences in slavery and became bestseller
