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Congress of Racial Equality Founded
-Civil Rights-the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
-Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was committed to nonviolent direct action as a means of change.
- They went on to help desegregate public places in the north, and after focused on the south -
Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
- Color Line - Separated white from nonwhites
- He was the first black baseball player, and some of his teammates felt uncomfortable to play with him
- Players from other teams tried to hit him with the ball or spike him with their cleats
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Executive Order 9981
-Segregation- the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart.
- The executive order 9981 stated, “It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin.”
- This made it so there was no segregation allowed in armed forces -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam, Malcolm X- Black Muslims, Malcolm is one of the leaders, former convict
-Black Nationalism is a doctrine, promoted by the Nation of Islam, calling for complete separation from white society
- In 1965, three members of the Nation of Islam assassinated Malcolm X while he was speaking in New York City. -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall- Lead attorney that argued the case
- Brown vs Board of Education was actually a set of cases from Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, and Washington, D.C., that had moved up through the court system at the same time.
-13 parents joined together in efforts to desegregate the city's school -
Montgomery Bus Boycott (start)
-Boycott & Rosa Parks- Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat lead to the bus boycott
-To make the boycott work, African Americans in Montgomery organized an elaborate carpool system to get around town. Several thousand people used the carpools daily. Others walked, rode bicycles, took taxis, or hitchhiked.
- Some blacks got fired from their jobs for protesting, and some others went to the extreme like the kkk and set off bombs -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine- first nine black students being integrated into a white school
-Little Rock Nine students were not welcomed into their new school
-Students were escorted with troops to school -
First Lunch Counter Sit-In
- Jim Crow Laws & Sit-In- laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States
- four African American students from North Carolina's Agricultural and Technical College sat down at a lunch counter in the Woolworth's drugstore in Greensboro. They ordered food, but the waitress refused to serve them, saying that only white customers could eat at Woolworth's.
- On July 25, 1960, the first African American ate at the Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro.
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Freedom Rides
- Civil Disobedience & SNCC- the nonviolent refusal to obey a law that the protester considers to be unjust (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)
- 7 blacks, and 6 whites boarded a bus in D.C. and headed south
- Once they got to the south, people started attacking them and followed them as they left town and through bombs at the bus, and then beat the passengers as they got off the bus
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Birmingham Campaign
-SCLC- Southern Christian Leadership Conference African American Civil Rights organization
- Thirty protesters were arrested for marching at Birmingham City Hall without a permit
- SCLC joined forces with local Birmingham activists and together they carefully planned a series of nonviolent actions against segregation. -
March on Washington
-NAACP- National Association of Advancement of Colored People
- Philip Randolph's goal was to protest unequal treatment of African Americans in the war industries
-The quarter of a million protesters included about 60,000 whites as well as union members, clergy, students, entertainers, and celebrities such as Rosa Parks and Jackie Robinson. (250,000 all together) -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy v. Ferguson- a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".
- The act banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin
- the most important civil rights law passed since Reconstruction. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
- disenfranchise- deprived someone of the right to vote
- The act outlawed literacy tests and other tactics used to deny African Americans the right to vote
- While marching, more than 3,000 had been arrested, charged with crimes such as “unlawful assembly.”
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Watts Riots
-Kerner Commission & ghettos- LBJ established it to figure out what had happened, a part of a city where people belonging to a single ethnic group live
- The Watts riot lasted 6 days, where 34 were killed, almost 900 injured, and 4,000 were arrested, and the riot ended when 14,000 members of the national guard were sent to restore order.
- All the neighborhoods they destroyed totaled in $45 million dollars in damage, and this riot led to many others -
Black Panther Party Founded
- Black Power- the call by many civil rights activists for African Americans to have economic and political power, with an emphasis on not relying on nonviolent protest
- The black panther party is a group founded in 1966 that demanded economic and political rights and was prepared to take violent action
- Other demands included jobs, decent housing, “education that teaches our true history,” and “an immediate end to police brutality."
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Civil Rights Act of 1968
- Discrimination- the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things
- Civil Rights Act of 1968 is a law that included a ban on discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex
- It also gave the federal government the authority to file lawsuits against those who violated the law.
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Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
-desegregation- the ending of a policy of racial segregation.
- the 1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration
- Under the judge's desegregation plan, some students, including very young ones, would be bused to schools outside their neighborhoods to create more racially balanced schools. -
Regents of the Univeristy of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative action- a policy that calls on employers to actively seek to increase the number of minorities in their workforce
- a 1978 Supreme Court ruling that narrowly upheld affirmative action, declaring that race may be one factor, but not the sole criterion, in school admissions
- However, it also said that racial quotas were unconstitutional—that race could not be used as the only criterion. Therefore, the Court ordered the university to admit Bakke to medical school
