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Suggested heliocentric model of the universe
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Made the most precise image before telescopes, providing data for other cosmologists
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Planetary Motion
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Forces between planets, especially gravity
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Found Uranus and its two moons.
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Applied Newton's theory of gravity to the whole universe
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Founded the first permanent observatory based on the viewing conditions
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Gave us a method of calculating distance to stars from brightness
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Made models of the universe based on Einstein's general theory of relativity
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Theory of Relativity
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Proved that there were galaxies other than the milky way
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Proved universe is expanding, looked at distant stars
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Big Bang Theory
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theory of stellar nucleosynthesis, and his infamous rejection of the big bang theory for steady state universe
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Found cosmic microwave background radiation, which was significant evidence for the big bang theory.