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Where: Yalta, Crimea, along Black Sea
Who: Roosevelt (US), Churchill (Britain), Stalin (SU)
What: Germany divided into 4 postwar zones controlled by Britain, US, France, & SU (same goes to Berlin). SU joins war against Japan. Eastern Europe under the SU Sphere of Influence. Free elections in Europe. Iron Curtain.
How: Decrease of liberalism in Germany b/c of force division. Suppose to increase liberalism with free elections, but Stalin forced communism to most of the countries (buffer zone). -
Where: Potsdam, Germany
Who: Stalin (SU), Truman (US), Attlee (Britain)
What: Disarm & demilitarize Germany. Calling Japan to surrender. Germany’s reparations would be paid mostly to SU (concerning). Economic & political divisions of communism & democracy were clear. No more common enemies. Poland's Eastern border moved West.
How: Decrease of liberalism b/c of the limitations in Germany. Citizens lost their right to religion & had to meet the ideologies of the superpower they were aligned with. -
Where: Hiroshima
Who: Paul Tibbets (US pilot flying an American B-29 bomber)
What: Japan did not surrender, so US dropped the 1st atomic bomb, Little Boy, on the city of Hiroshima. ~66 000 were killed, ~69 000 were injured, & more died by the end of the year due to sequelae. 92% of the city were either destroyed or damaged. Showed the power of US (caused fear).
How: Decreased liberalism in Japan b/c the radiation of the atomic bomb made it dangerous to live. People lost their lives and freedom. -
Where: Nagasaki
Who: Charles Sweeney (US pilot flying an airplane named Bockscar)
What: US dropped a 2nd atomic bomb, Fat Man (10 800 pounds), on Nagasaki b/c Japan did not surrender to the 1st bombing. This one was more powerful. Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945. ~39 000 were killed, & ~25 000 were injured. Ended WWII.
How: Liberalism decreased b/c everything was taken away from the Japanese citizens. Liberalism also increased in the US since they became a dominant superpower after WWII. -
Where: SU
Who: Stalin (SU), Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, & East Germany
What: Provided aid to the Eastern Side of Europe. Didn’t approve the Marshall plan for themselves and other countries. Bilateral trade agreements with countries listed above. Trades were military and resource based. Solidified the SU Sphere of Influence, encouraging communism.
How: Decrease in liberalism b/c SU restricted other countries’ rights and freedoms from accepting the aid of the Marshall Plan. -
Where: Greece, Turkey
Who: Harry S.Truman
What: US provided political, economic, and military assistance to all democratic nations under the threat of communism. Goal of containing communism. Turkey and Greece joined their spheres. At the time, Greece was in a civil war against Greek communists. Gave the Turkish and postwar Greek government 400 million dollars as aid.
How: Increased liberalism b/c Greek and Turkey were allowed to trade with the US. -
Where: Western Europe (17 countries)
Who: Marshall
What: US provided $13 billion to Western Europe that was wortorn after WWII (communist or democratic) & imposed free market policies in the countries that received it. Remove trade barriers between neighbouring countries. US required everyone to participate in a unified European economy.
How: Decreased liberalism b/c US was buying their alliances “with strings attached” & were forcing ideologies upon other countries, but there was more trade. -
Where: Brussels
Who: Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, UK
What: Created a collective defense alliance (military, economic, social, and cultural) to show that Western Europe can cooperate. Thus encouraged the US to play a role in the security of Western Europe. Led to the formation of NATO and the Western European Union.
How: Increased liberalism b/c Western Europe are working together to protect each other and their rights. -
Where: Washington, D.C. (US)
Who: Canada, US, Iceland, Britain, France, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, & Italy
What: North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Military alliance to defend member states from SU attacks (provided deterrence). Canada's 1st peacekeeping military alliance. US worried that Western Europe would negotiate with the SU for security concerns.
How: Decreased liberalism b/c once a member country gets into war, allied countries are forced to join. -
Where: West Berlin
Who: Stalin (SU), US, Britain, France
What: SU limited transportation to West Berlin (road, railways, canals). 2.1 million people had no access to electricity, food, coal, & other crucial supplies. The West responded by flying in the supplies. 277 804 total flights, 101 casualties. East Berlin newspapers described the airlife as futile.
How: Decreased liberalism in West Berlin b/c SU isolated them from the rest of the world, thus, not respecting their rights and freedoms. -
Where: Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan
Who: Stalin, Igor Kurchatov
What: Bombing of Hiroshima drived Stalin to develop nuclear weapons. The Cold War nuclear arms race began between the US & the SU. US found out that nuclear weapons were shipped to Cuba so they declared a naval blockade. Tension increased & countries thought nukes were needed for protection.
How: Decreased liberalism b/c SU & US were putting the world at risk & they were always watching each other incase war breaks out. -
Where: South/North Korea
Who: UK, US, UN support SK. China, SU supported NK
What: 75 000 soldiers from NK (communism) past the 38th parallel to SK (pro-western republic). External countries joined to help. The 2 sides pushed back and forth between the 38th parallel. Increase in casualties led to no major (geographical) change. 5 million deaths. US was worried that WWIII would start.
How: Decreased liberalism b/c NK tried to take over SK which changed their ideologies, also caused many lives. -
Where: Kuntsevo Dacha (his personal residence)
Who: Stalin
What: Died from a stroke at age of 74. There was a state funeral & his body was embalmed until 1961. Nikita Khrushchev took over as First Secretary of the CPSU & implemented De-Stalinization.
How: A temporary pause of the Cold War. Austria gained its sovereignty (independence) because of the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country. Increased Russia’s liberalism since the country moved away from totalitarian government. -
Where: Warsaw, Poland
Who: SU, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania
What: Collective defence treaty was created in reaction to the creation of NATO (saw remilitarized West Germany as a direct threat). Balance the power of NATO & reinforce communism in Eastern Europe. Had a unified military command. Dissolved after Cold War ended.
How: Liberalism decreased b/c countries that joined couldn't easily leave nor could they demand change from communist to liberal. -
Where: Vietnam
Who: SU supported NV (communist), US supported SV (anti-communist)
What: Vietcong (North) carried Guerrilla Warfare in the South. US sent advisors to train SV, but brutal policies pushed the South Vietnamese North. US believed in the Domino Effect so they sent more troops (launched bombing campaign in NV). NV went through Laos & Cambodia to get to SV.
How: Decreased liberalism b/c the Vietnam War became a proxy war which is unfair since they are controlled by the superpowers. -
Where: Hungary
Who: Hungarian citizens, Stalinist government
What: People protested for a more democratic political system & freedom from SU oppression. Imre Nagy asked the SU to withdraw their troops, abolished the one-party rule, & announced a withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. November 4th, 1956, SU crushed the nation's uprising by bringing in tanks (1/4 fled the country). Put other countries in fear.
How: Decreased liberalism b/c when Hungarians demanded change, they were ignored and killed. -
Where: Near Colorado Springs, Colorado, US
Who: Canada, US
What: North American Aerospace Defence Command, a united airline defense system to protect North America from SU nukes. The DEW Line was established to send warnings when there was an incoming missile from the SU. Missile bases & nuclear-armed missiles were also part of the plan. Aerospace warning & control, & maritime warning for North America.
How: Increased liberalism b/c it increased security, thus, less fear for the citizens. -
Where: Cuba
Who: Castro, Batista, US, SU
What: Castro overthrew Batista by leading the Guerrilla War. He became a political power in Cuba, pursuing communism (one-party system). Cuba lost support of the US after proposing agrarian. Castro bought oil from the SU. US refused to process it so he nationalized the refineries. $850 million worth of US business were nationalized.
How: Decreased liberalism b/c of forced nationalization, but also increased liberalism since citizens wanted communism. -
Where: Southwest Coast of Cuba
Who: US, Cuba, Kennedy
What: Cuban exiles were trained by the US. US involvement was kept a secret b/c SU might see it as an act of war. Goal was to take back the island. Invasion failed b/c of poor planning, limited support from the US, & false assumption of rebels. Led to distrust of the US, solidified Cuba’s relationship with the US, & popularized Castro.
How: Decreased liberalism b/c US wanted to control Cuba again & disapproved trades between Cuba & the SU. -
Where: Berlin, Germany
Who: German Democratic Republic
What: East Germany built a wall separating East and West Berlin in one night. This separated the ideologies of communism and capitalism. The East saw it as a protection from the West. The West saw it as a way to keep out the East.
How: Decreased liberalism b/c the wall limited freedom to travel between East and West Berlin. Tension was high and there was a constant fear of war. -
Where: Cuba
Who: Cuba, US, SU
What: US found out that nuclear weapons were being shipped to missile bases in Cuba from the SU. Kennedy ordered naval blockade. He agreed to remove the US Jupiter missiles in Turkey if the SU removed their’s from Cuba. This led to a peaceful period b/c both were shocked at how close they were to start war.
How: Increased liberalism b/c tension eased between the two superpowers. -
Where: Czechoslovakia Prague
Who: People & gov’t of the Czechoslovakia Warsaw Pact, Alexander Dubček, SU
What: Censorship ended in early 1968. Public wanted party policies to debate openly. Trying to liberalize communist state. Conflict between those who want liberalization & those who don’t. SU invaded Prague - worried about liberalization, so they forced Dubček out & placed a more pro-soviet gov’t.
How: Decreased liberalism b/c SU reestablished censorship & controlled freedom of movement. -
Where: Russia (Mascow), UK (London), US (Washington DC)
Who: 189 countries
What: Prevented the spread of nuclear weapons by stopping the production, trade, & purchase of new nuclear weapons.
How: It limited access to nuclear weapons and the freedom to purchase and trade. However, by doing so, it increased liberalism of citizens because it eased the fear of nuclear weapons. -
Where: Afghanistan
Who: Mujahideen, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, SU
What: SU invaded Afghanistan. Took over Kauai. Babrak Karmal became the new head gov’t on Dec. 27. SU encountered Mujahidin. Mujahidin saw SU controlling Afghanistan as a defilement of Islam culture. Proclaimed a Jihad (holy war) & received support from the Islamic world. Led to terrorism and the rise of Osama Bin Laden.
How: Increased liberalism b/c Afghanistan won, keeping their beliefs, values, & religion. -
Where: Gdańsk, Poland
Who: Anna Walentynowicz, Lech Wałęsa, over 10 million people
What: Anti-bureaucratic & anit-Communist social movement. Poland didn’t want to be in the alignment, but the SU didn’t allow them to bring in a military (Non-Alignment). Pushed for social change & worker’s rights. Very successful because it defeated Communism in Poland.
How: Increased liberalism because Poland successfully removed communism & stayed neutral during the Cold War (most of the time). -
Where: East Berlin
Who: Ronald Reagan (Berlin Wall Speech)
What: Political change in Europe pressured the East government to allow more freedom to travel to the West.
How: First step to German unification. Led to the end of the Cold War. Increased liberalism for West Berlin (less trapped and more freedom to cross the borders). -
Where: Berlin Wall
Who: US (George Bush), SU (Mikhail Gorbachev)
What: SU leader & US president declared the end of the Cold War. The Berlin Wall fell. Borders opened. Free elections forced out Communist Regimes. The Iron Curtain ceased. SU officially collapsed on December 26, 1991.
How: Marked the victory of democracy/capitalism. Increase liberalism b/c the UN approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Covered the rights of individuals everywhere.