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King John was forced by English barons to sign this document, establishing that even the monarch must obey the law and that taxation required consent. (Source for image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMagna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg) -
Parliament demanded that Charles I recognize limits on taxation, imprisonment without cause, and the use of martial law—reasserting that the king was not above the law. Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3APetition_of_Right.jpg&psig=AOvVaw1v1PxcydPTmSz70A4z519J&ust=1760584403466000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBYQjRxqFwoTCLDd0JCepZADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE (Wikimedia Commons) -
A conflict between Charles I and Parliament over authority and rights, ending with the king’s execution and the temporary abolition of the monarchy. Source for image:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War -
Under Oliver Cromwell, England experimented with republican government, showing that a monarch was not essential for national rule. -
The monarchy returned with Charles II, but Parliament’s influence and control over finances remained strong, marking a shift toward shared governance. Source for image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ball_given_to_Charles_II_at_the_Hague_on_his_departure_to_England.jpg -
James II was overthrown and replaced by William and Mary, who accepted constitutional limits on royal power and the supremacy of Parliament. Source for image: https://www.britannica.com/event/Glorious-Revolution -
This landmark document formalized constitutional monarchy, guaranteeing parliamentary sovereignty, regular elections, and individual rights against royal abuse. Source for image: https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/english-bill-of-rights-1689
