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Isaac Hopper began the process of organizing the Underground Railroad, making networks of safe houses for fugitive slaves.
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a long-distance route, with multiple stops, was set up. This route effectively transported slaves all the way from North Carolina to Indiana.
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Quakers in Indiana were building secret rooms in their houses, and false bottoms in their wagons. This helped them safely transport and hide slaves.
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with assistance from Isaac Hopper, they created New York City network of the Underground Railroad., David Ruggles provided direct assistance to more than 6000 slaves, including Frederick Douglass.
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the American Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1833; Americans had been exposed to progressively more criticism of slavery in preceding years.
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The Dawn Institute helped former slaves adapt to their new lives, teaching trades and new skills.
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As the railways spread across America, the Underground Railroad, for the first time, took on the language of the railroad.
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Thomas Garrett, a figure on the Underground Railroad, was tried for his involvement in assisting fugitive slaves and was found guilty.
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This required all individuals, including those in free states, to help in the capture and return of fugitive slaves.
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Harriet Tubman escaped slavery in 1850. She went onto become one of the most important people on the Underground Railroad,
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support for the Underground Railroad grew rapidly over the years . More people were willing to offer there help to fugitive slaves, regardless of the law.
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The violence of the Civil War provided opportunities for freedom and escape, even before the Emancipation Proclamation in 1864.
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The constitution of the Confederate States is signed in Montgomery
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General Beauregard bombard Major Robert Anderson and his soldiers at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. The Civil War begins. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fort-sumter-the-civil-war-begins-1018791/
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The First Battle of Bull Run pits Union General Irvin McDowell fighting the new Confederate army. McDowell losses causing a retreat back to Washington.
https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/first-battle-of-bull-run -
Union General Ulysses Grant's forces are surprised at the town of Shiloh. The battle results in 13,000 Union and 10,000 Confederate casualties, more than in all previous American wars together https://www.nps.gov/shil/learn/historyculture/shiloh-history.htm
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General Robert Lee assumes command of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. https://ironbrigader.com/2012/05/31/memphis-falls-union-forces-robert-e-lee-assumes-command-army-northern-virginia-days-battles-june-1862/
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Over the course of seven days of fighting, General Robert Lee attacks McClellan's Union Army of the Potomac near Richmond, Virginia. A lot of casualties cause McClellan to retreat https://www.britannica.com/event/Seven-Days-Battles
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President Lincoln delivers the two-minute Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the National Cemetery at the battlefield in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
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Savannah is captured, ending the March to the Sea. Union General Sherman offers the city to Lincoln as a Christmas present.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-capture-savannah-georgia -
Lincoln is sworn in for his second term as President of the United States.
www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/inaug2.htm -
General Robert E. Lee surrenders to General Ulysses S. Grant in a farmhouse in the town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia. The war is over. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/robert-e-lee-surrenders
