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I think that all of them made a big impact but I think that the groups and the boycott were a big influence and made the biggest impact. I think that the groups made such a big impact because they were always there it wasn't a one-time thing like most of the events. They were influencing kids and adults all around to join them in trying to get their rights. They did all sorts of different things to try to get equal rights and equal fights. Also I think that the bus boycott was good because they- -
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stood up for one of the main influencers of this topic. Also, they had a very peaceful way of putting their voices out there. the bus companies finally realized that they would probably be out of business if it wasn't for the African American people as well as the whites. People started realizing a lot of things would not be good if the African Americans weren't there.
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/montgomery-bus-boycott
https://www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement/naac -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was a civil rights lawyer who used the courts to fight Jim Crow and dismantle segregation in the U.S. Marshall was a towering figure who became the nation's first Black United States Supreme Court Justice. He is best known for arguing the historic 1954 Brown v. Board of education.
https://www.naacpldf.org/about-us/history/thurgood-marshall/ -
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey, and Ida B. Wells.
https://www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement/naacp -
Rosa Parks
Invigorated the struggle for racial equality when she refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama. Parks' arrest on December 1, 1955, launched the Montgomery Bus Boycott by 17,000 black citizens.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rosa-Parks -
Martin Luther King, Jr
Martin Luther King, Jr. was an activist and pastor who promoted and organized nonviolent protests. He also won a Nobel peace prize.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Luther-King-Jr -
Malcolm X
Malcolm X was an African American religious leader and civil rights activist who spoke about the need for Black empowerment and advocated for the adoption of Islam within the Black community as a spokesperson for the Nation of Islam.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/malcolm-x-assassinated -
Medgar Evers
Evers was a devoted husband and father, a distinguished World War II veteran, and a pioneering civil rights leader. He served as the NAACP's first field secretary in Mississippi—organizing protests and voter registration drives, recruiting new workers into the civil rights movement, and pushing for school integration.
https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/civil-rights-leaders/medgar-evers -
James Meredith
In Martin Luther King's famous “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” he called James Meredith, the first African American to integrate into the University of Mississippi in 1962, a hero of the civil rights movement.
https://50years.olemiss.edu/james-meredith/ -
Bobby Seale/Huey P. Newton
Robert George Seale is an American political activist and author. In 1966, he co-founded the Black Panther Party with fellow activist Huey P. Newton.
https://www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/people/people_seale.html -
John Lewis
He was the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee from 1963 to 1966. Lewis was one of the Big Six leaders of groups who organized the 1963 March on Washington. He fulfilled many key roles in the civil rights movement and its actions to end legalized racial segregation in the United States.
https://www.biography.com/political-figure/john-lewis -
Emmitt Till
Emmit was a 14-year-old African American boy who was abducted, tortured and lynched in Mississippi in 1955, after being accused of offending a white woman in her family's grocery store.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Emmett-Till -
Stokely Carmichael
Stokely Carmichael was a U.S. civil-rights activist who in the 1960s originated the Black nationalism rallying slogan, “Black Power.” Born in Trinidad, he immigrated to New York City in 1952.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stokely-Carmichael -
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/congress-racial-equality-coreCongress of Racial Equality (CORE)
An interracial group of students in Chicago, the Congress of Racial Equality pioneered the use of nonviolent direct action in America’s civil rights struggle. Along with its parent organization, the Fellowship of Reconciliation, members provided advice and support to Martin Luther King during the Montgomery bus boycott. King worked with CORE throughout the late 1950s and into the mid-1960s when CORE abandoned its dedication to nonviolence and adopted black separatist
policies. -
Executive Order 9981
Executive Order 9981 stated that "there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed forces without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin." It established the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services to recommend revisions to military regulations in order to implement this policy.
https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/1981-reagan.html -
Brown v. Board of Education
In Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The 1954 decision declared that separate educational facilities for white and African American students were inherently unequal.
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka -
Ruby Bridges
She was the first African American child to desegregate William Frantz Elementary School.
https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/ruby-bridges -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation in the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. It was a foundational event in the civil rights movement in the United States.
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/montgomery-bus-boycott -
Little Rock Nine
They dared to challenge public school segregation by enrolling at the all-white Central High School in 1957. -
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference is an African-American civil rights organization based in Atlanta, Georgia. SCLC is closely associated with its first president, Martin Luther King Jr., who had a large role in the American civil rights movement -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This act was signed into law on August 6, 1965, by President Lyndon Johnson. It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting. -
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
SNCC sought to coordinate youth-led nonviolent, direct-action campaigns against segregation and other forms of racism. SNCC members played an integral role in sit-ins, Freedom Rides, the 1963 March on Washington, and such voter education projects as the Mississippi Freedom Summer. -
Greensboro Sit-ins
The Greensboro Sit-In was a critical turning point in Black history and American history, bringing the fight for civil rights to the national stage. Its use of nonviolence inspired the Freedom Riders and others to take up the cause of integration in the South, furthering the cause of equal rights in the United States. -
Freedom Riders
Freedom Riders were groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides, bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals. -
Birmingham Campaign
The Birmingham riot of 1963 was a civil disorder and riot in Birmingham, Alabama, that was provoked by bombings on the night of May 11, 1963. The bombings targeted African-American leaders of the Birmingham campaign, but ended in the murder of three adolescent girls, a mass protest for civil rights. -
Assassination of Dr. King
At 6:05 P.M. on Thursday, 4 April 1968, Martin Luther King was shot dead while standing on a balcony outside his second-floor room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. News of King’s assassination prompted major outbreaks of racial violence, resulting in more than 40 deaths nationwide and extensive property damage in over 100 American cities -
March on Washington
The March on Washington was a massive protest march that occurred in August 1963, when some 250,000 people gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Also known as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the event aimed to mention continuing challenges and inequalities faced by African Americans a century after emancipation. It was also the occasion of Martin Luther King Jr.’s now-iconic “I Have a Dream” speech. -
Freedom Summer
Freedom Summer, or the Mississippi Summer Project, was a 1964 voter registration drive aimed at increasing the number of registered Black voters in Mississippi. Over 700 mostly white volunteers joined African Americans in Mississippi to fight against voter intimidation and discrimination at the polls. -
16th Street Baptist Church bombing- Birmingham, AL
On Sunday morning, September 15, 1963, the Ku Klux Klan bombed the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four girls. This murderous act shocked the nation and galvanized the civil rights movement. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
In 1964, Congress passed Public Law 88-352 (78 Stat. 241). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex, as well as, race in hiring, promoting, and firing. -
Watts Riot
The riot was a result of the Watts community's longstanding grievances and growing discontentment with high unemployment rates. Started in August 1965. -
Bloody Sunday: Selma to Birmingham March
The first march took place on March 7, 1965, organized locally by Bevel, Amelia Boynton, and others. State troopers and county posse men attacked the unarmed marchers with billy clubs and tear gas after they passed over the county line -
Black Panthers
The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense was founded in October 1966 in Oakland, California by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, who met at Merritt College in Oakland. It was a revolutionary organization with an ideology of Black nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, particularly against police brutality. -
Poor People’s Campaign
Poor People's Campaign, also called Poor People's March, political campaign that culminated in a demonstration held in Washington, D.C., in 1968, in which participants demanded that the government formulate a plan to help redress the employment and housing problems of the poor throughout the United States