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CORE
CORE started as a nonhierarchical, decentralized organization funded entirely by the voluntary contributions of its members. The organization was initially co-led by white University of Chicago student George Houser and black student James Farmer. In 1942, CORE began protests against segregation in public accommodations by organizing sit-ins. It was also in 1942 that CORE expanded nationally. -
The Congress of Racial Equality
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was founded in 1942 as the Committee of Racial Equality by an interracial group of students in Chicago-Bernice Fisher, James R. Robinson, James L. Farmer, Jr., Joe Guinn, George Houser, and Homer Jack.. Many of these students were members of the Chicago branch of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), a pacifist organization seeking to change racist attitudes. The founders of CORE were deeply influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's teachings of nonviolent resistance. -
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exutive order
On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed this executive order establishing the President’s Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, committing the government to integrating the segregated military.https://www.archivesfoundation.org/documents/executive-order-9981-ending-segregation-armed-forces/ -
Brown v. Board of Education
In Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The 1954 decision declared that separate educational facilities for white and African American students were inherently unequal. Brown v. Board of Education | Case, 1954, Definition, Decision … -
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), interracial American organization created to work for the abolition of segregation and discrimination in housing, education, employment, voting, and transportation; to oppose racism; and to ensure African Americans their constitutional rights.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
https://www.britannica.com › ... › Human Rights -
Thurgood Marshel
Thurgood Marshall was a civil rights lawyer who used the courts to fight Jim Crow and dismantle segregation in the U.S. Marshall was a towering figure who became the nation's first Black United States Supreme Court Justice. He is best known for arguing the historic 1954 Brown v. https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/civil-rights-leaders/thurgood-marshall -
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. was a very important leader in the civil rights movement, he was born on January 15, 1929, Atlanta, GA, died from assasination on April 4, 1968, Memphis, he was an activist and pastor who promoted and organized non-violent protests. He played a pivotal role in advancing civil rights in America and has won a Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to fight racial inequality in a non-violent matter. https://www.historyonthenet.com/what-did-martin-luther-king-do -
Emmet Louis Till
Emmett Louis Till (July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) was a 14-year-old African American boy who was abducted, tortured and lynched in Mississippi in 1955, after being accused of offending a white woman in her family's grocery store.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Till#:~:text=Emmett%20Louis%20Till%20 -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Lasting 381 days, the Montgomery Bus Boycott resulted in the Supreme Court ruling segregation on public buses unconstitutional. A significant play towards civil rights and transit equity, the Montgomery Bus Boycott helped eliminate early barriers to transportation access.
https://soltrans.org/news/blog/everlasting-impacts-of-the-montgomery-bus-boycotts-on-transit-rights/ -
Rosa Parks
Called "the mother of the civil rights movement," Rosa Parks invigorated the struggle for racial equality when she refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama. Parks' arrest on December 1, 1955 launched the Montgomery Bus Boycott by 17,000 black citizens.
International Civil Rights: Walk of Fame - Rosa Parks -
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is a civil rights organization founded in 1957, as an offshoot of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which successfully staged a 381-day boycott of the Montgomery Alabama's segregated bus system. Martin Luther King, Jr., Bayard Rustin, Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth, and others, founded the SCLC in order to have a regional organization.https://www.nps.gov/subjects/civilrights/sclc.htm -
LIttle Rock Nine
he Little Rock Nine were a group of nine Black students who enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in September 1957. Their attendance at the school was a test of Brown v. Board of Education, a landmark 1954 Supreme Court ruling that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional. https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/central-high-school-integration -
The Greensboro sit-in
The Greensboro sit-in was a civil rights protest that started in 1960, when young African American students staged a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and refused to leave after being denied service. The sit-in movement soon spread to college towns throughout the South
Greensboro Sit-In - Facts, Date & Definition - HISTORY
https://www.history.com › topics › black-history › the-gre... -
Freedom riders
Freedom Rides, bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals.The freedom riders are The original group of 13 Freedom Riders—seven African Americans and six whites—left Washington, D.C., on a Greyhound bus on May 4, 1961. Their plan was to reach New Orleans, Louisiana, on May 17 to commemorate the seventh anniversary of the Supreme Court's Brown v.
Freedom Riders - Facts, Timeline & Significance - HISTORY
https://www.history.com › black-history › freedom-rides -
James Merdith
james Meredith, (born June 25, 1933, Kosciusko, Mississippi, U.S.), American civil rights activist who gained national renown at a key juncture in the civil rights movement in 1962, when he became the first African American student at the University of Mississippi.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Meredith -
The Birmingham Campaign
The Birmingham Campaign was a movement led in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) which sought to bring national attention of the efforts of local black leaders to desegregate public facilities in Birmingham, Alabama.
The Birmingham Campaign (1963) • - Blackpast
https://www.blackpast.org › african-american-history › bir... -
16th Street Baptist Church bombing- Birmingham, AL
In 1963 the 16th Street Baptist Church hosted several meetings led by civil rights activists. In an effort to intimidate demonstrators, members of the KKK routinely telephoned the church with bomb threats intended to disrupt these meetings as well as regular church services. -
The March on Washington
The March on Washington was a massive protest march that occurred in August 1963, when some 250,000 people gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Also known as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the event aimed to draw attention to continuing challenges and inequalities faced by African Americans a century after emancipation. It was also the occasion of Martin Luther King Jr.’s now-iconic “I Have a Dream” speech. https://www.google.com/search? -
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
SNCC sought to coordinate youth-led nonviolent, direct-action campaigns against segregation and other forms of racism. SNCC members played an integral role in sit-ins, Freedom Rides, the 1963 March on Washington, and such voter education projects as the Mississippi Freedom Summer.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - New Georgia ...
https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org › articles › studen... -
Medgar Evers
Evers was a devoted husband and father, a distinguished World War II veteran, and a pioneering civil rights leader. He served as the NAACP's first field secretary in Mississippi—organizing protests and voter registration drives, recruiting new workers into the civil rights movement, and pushing for school integration.
Medgar Evers - FBI -
Freedom Summer
Freedom Summer, or the Mississippi Summer Project, was a 1964 voter registration drive aimed at increasing the number of registered Black voters in Mississippi. Over 700 mostly white volunteers joined African Americans in Mississippi to fight against voter intimidation and discrimination at the polls.Freedom Summer - Definition, Murders & Results - HISTORY
https://www.history.com › topics › black-history › free... -
Malcom X
Malcolm X was an African American leader in the civil rights movement, minister and supporter of Black nationalism. He urged his fellow Black Americans to protect themselves against white aggression “by any means necessary,” a stance that often put him at odds with the nonviolent teachings of Martin Luther King, J
Malcolm X: Quotes, Movie & Autobiography - HISTORY -
Ruby Nell Bridges Hall
Ruby Nell Bridges Hall is an American Hero. She was the first African American child to desegregate William Frantz Elementary School. At six years old, Ruby's bravery helped pave the way for Civil Rights action in the American South.
Ruby Bridges (U.S. National Park Service) -
MOST IMPORTANT EVENT:March on washington
This is the most important event in the Civil Rights Movement. during this event Dr.King made the speech called, "I have a dream" this was a motivating important speech. "
I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be engulfed, every hill shall be exalted and every mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plains and the crooked places will be made straight and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together." -
Civil Rights Act of 1965
In 1964, Congress passed Public Law 88-352 (78 Stat. 241). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex, as well as, race in hiring, promoting, and firing.
Legal Highlight: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 - US Department ...
https://www.dol.gov › oasam › civil-rights-center › statutes -
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 offered African Americans a way to get around the barriers at the state and local levels that had prevented them from exercising their 15th Amendment right to vote. 1965 Voting Rights Act - Civil Rights in the United States, A Brief History
https://guides.ll.georgetown.edu › c.php -
Newton and Bobby Seale
Newton and Bobby Seale, who met at Merritt College in Oakland. It was a revolutionary organization with an ideology of Black nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, particularly against police brutality The Black Panther Party | National Archives -
Bloody Sunday: Selma to Birmingham March
On March 7, 1965, in Selma, Alabama, a 600-person civil rights demonstration ends in violence when marchers are attacked and beaten by white state troopers and sheriff's deputies. The day's events became known as "Bloody Sunday."
Civil rights protesters beaten in “Bloody Sunday” attack - History.com
https://www.history.com › this-day-in-history › bloody-su... -
Watts Rebellion
The Watts Rebellion, also known as the Watts Riots, was a large series of riots that broke out August 11, 1965, in the predominantly Black neighborhood of Watts in Los Angeles. The Watts Rebellion lasted for six days, resulting in 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries and 4,000 arrests, involving 34,000 people and ending in the destruction of 1,000 buildings, totaling $40 million in damages.
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The black panther party
The Black Panthers, also known as the Black Panther Party, was a political organization founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to challenge police brutality against the African American community. Dressed in black berets and black leather jackets, the Black Panthers organized armed citizen patrols of Oakland and other U.S. cities. At its peak in 1968, the Black Panther Party had roughly 2,000 members. https://www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement/black-panthers -
Stokely Carmichael
Stokely Carmichael was the controversial and charismatic young civil rights leader who, in 1966, popularized the phrase "black power." Carmichael was a leading force in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), working in the Deep South to organize African American voters.
Stokely Carmichael | From Black Power to Pan-Africanism -
Lewis
Lewis was arrested and jailed many times during the nonviolent activities to desegregate the city's downtown businesses. He was also instrumental in organizing bus boycotts and other nonviolent protests to support voting rights and racial equality.
John Lewis - Wikipedia -
Poor Peoples March
Poor People's Campaign, also called Poor People's March, political campaign that culminated in a demonstration held in Washington, D.C., in 1968, in which participants demanded that the government formulate a plan to help redress the employment and housing problems of the poor throughout the United States.
Poor People's Campaign | History & Facts - Encyclopedia … -
Martin Luther Kings assasination
His assassination led to an outpouring of anger among Black Americans, as well as a period of national mourning that helped speed the way for an equal housing bill that would be the last significant legislative achievement of the civil rights era. https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/martin-luther-king-jr-assassination#:~:text=His%20assassination%20led%20to%20an,of%20the%20civil%20rights%20era.