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This Amendment marked the end of slavery and involuntary servitude for all ethnic races and genders, unless servitude is in place as punishment for a crime.
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Rights of citizenship, due process of law, and equal protection of the law. The 14th amendment has become one of the most used amendments in court to date regarding the equal protection clause.
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States cannot deny a person the right to vote due to their race, however; this did not offer women the right to vote.
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The US Supreme Court ruled that railway accommodations between people of color and whites were to remain “equal but separate” as the current accommodations did not violate the 13th Amendment.
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Truman ordered the desegregation of the federal government and all armed forces.
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The US Supreme Court unanimously overturned the ruling for the Plessy v Ferguson, stating that segregation violated the equal protection secured by the 14th Amendment.
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African Americans refused to ride on the buses as an act of nonviolent protest to segregation of public places. This boycott was made most recognizable by the acts of Rosa Parks, a woman of color who refused to give up her seat to white passengers, and she was fined $10 and arrested for not sitting in the color section
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Co-founded by Martin Luther King Jr., this group used the black churches’ religious authority and power to organize non-violent protests.
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After the official desegregation of public schooling, Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas became the first school in the South to implement these policies. To offer some protection to the students after Orval Fabous violated the President’s orders in 1957, President Eisenhower sent Federal troops to accompany nine black students attending the all white high school.
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Murals were painted all along buildings depicting the social issues/problems of classing cultures and ideals as a way to excite and honor Hispanic culture and their soldiers. The only major downside of these murals was that due to competition for city projects, there was a lack of cooperation between the Chicano and black artists, allowing for split gang affiliation and turf divisions.
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Between the summers of 1961-1964, groups of African American civil rights activists would hop on buses headed towards the South to register for African Americans to vote.
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He was a civil rights activist who, along with Dolores Huerta, organized the UFW in the 1970s (Though the organization was originally the National Farm Workers Association, formed in 1962), known for a nationwide boycott of grapes in order to gain recognition as a union. organization strove for improved working conditions and bargaining power, while having more resistance against the economic influence of the employees, & encouraged migrant workers like the Chicano to demand equality.
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While in jail for nonviolent protest, Martin Luther King Jr. justified and encouraged the use of civil disobedience to the struggling people of color. He outlined that without taking action, civil rights and equality would never come to fruition; thus, civil disobedience is justified when employed against unjust laws.
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Blue= African American
Yellow= Chicano
Red= Native American
Pink= Women -
During the 100th year anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, Martin Luther King Jr. gave a speech to one of the largest political rallies with an attendance of over 200,000 people on hopes and dreams of a socially and politically equal United States. His speech was capable of moving hundreds upon hundreds in favor of desegregation between white and black peoples.
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Banned the use of different voting registration between whites and blacks, banned discrimination in a variety of public places and gave the government the power to withhold funds if programs failed to cooperate, and, most notably, banned discrimination based on gender.
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Hundreds of nonviolent protesters led by Martin Luther King Jr. marched on a 54 mile, 5 day walk in order to register to vote in Selma, Alabama and to bring awareness to the problems of discrimination within the American society.
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President Johnson signed this act which outlined that it was illegal to have discriminatory voting requirements in place, such as literacy tests or extensions of the Jim Crow laws, as a way to ensure equality between ethnic backgrounds of the American people in terms of voting.
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The Blank Panthers, led by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, went against the civil disobedience of the time and believed that violent protest was the only way that rights and equality would be possible. They urged many African Americans to seek weapons to arm themselves with.
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Martin Luther King Jr, a Civil Rights activist and public speaker, was assassinated by James Earl Ray in 1968. His death left thousands in mourning that helped pave the way for an equal housing bill.
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The movement called for renewed traditions, cultures, economics, and education for Native American children, and would eventually become the powerhouse behind the "Red Power" movement.
