Chapter 22 By bewilliams2001 140 ptolemy supported the geocentric theory 301 Aristotle explained the geocentric theory 1543 Andreas Vesalius published On the Fabric of the Human Body-detailing dissection of human bodies 1546 Nicolaus copernicus reasoned the heliocentric theory 1590 Zacharias Janssen invented the microscope 1600 The Baroque Period began in art, music, and architecture (Bach and Handel were composers) 1609 Johannes Kepler published the first two laws of planetary motion 1616 William Harvey Showed that the heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body 1620 Francis Bacon published Novum Organum which encouraged the experimental method 1637 Rene Descartes published Discourse on Method which set forth his reasoning 1638 Galileo was put under house arrest by an Inquisition for supporting Copernicus's theory 1642 Galileo developed the law of the pendulum 1643 Evangelista Torricelli developed the first mercury barometer 1651 Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan - social contract (people give rights to a strong ruler who maintains order) 1662 Robert Boyle created Boyle's law 1687 Isaac Newton published his law of gravity 1690 John Locke explained his theory of "natural rights" (Life, Liberty, and Property) 1694 Mary Astell wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies - addressing the lack of educational opportunities for women 1695 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek saw red blood cells for the first time 1714 Gabriel Fahrenheit made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass (32° = freezing; 212° = boiling) 1718 Francois-Marie Arouet changed his name to Voltaire and goes on to champion individual freedoms 1730 The Classical Period began in art, music, and architecture (Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were composers) 1740 The enlightened despot, Frederick II, began his rule of Prussia 1742 Anders Celsius created a scale for the mercury thermometer (0°= freezing; 100°= boiling) 1748 Montesquieu published On the Spirit of Laws- detailing separation of powers in government 1750 Marie- Therese Geoffrin held her first salon in philosophes 1759 Emilie du Chatalet (a mathematician and physicist) translated Newton's work form Latin to French 1759 Denis Diderot published the first volume of the Encyclopedia - a collection of enlighted thinkers works 1762 Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote The Social Contract - free individuals create a society and government 1762 The enlightened despot, Catherine the Great, began her rule of Russia 1764 Cesare Beccaria published On Crimes and Punishments - railing against common abuses of justice 1774 Joseph Priestly discovered oxygen 1776 Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Indeendence 1778 Antoine Lavoisier discovered and named gas oxygen 1780 The enlightened despot, Joseph II, began his rule of Austria 1787 The U.S. enacted the Constitution - establishing a federal system, separation of powers, checks and balances 1791 The U.S. Congress added the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments) to the Constitution 1792 Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women - promoting women's education as virtuous 1796 Edward Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent small pox
