Chapter 22

By Rebecca Ellinger
  • Aristotle explained the geocentric theory.
    300 BCE

    Aristotle explained the geocentric theory.

  • Ptolemy supported the geocentric theory.
    100

    Ptolemy supported the geocentric theory.

  • Nicolaus Copernicus reasoned the heliocentric theory.
    1543

    Nicolaus Copernicus reasoned the heliocentric theory.

  • Andreas Vesalius published On the Fabric of the Human Body - detailing dissection of human bodies.
    1543

    Andreas Vesalius published On the Fabric of the Human Body - detailing dissection of human bodies.

  • Zacharias Janssen invented the microscope.

    Zacharias Janssen invented the microscope.

  • The Baroque Period began in art, music, and architecture.

    The Baroque Period began in art, music, and architecture.

    Composers included Bach and Handel.
  • Johannes Kepler published the first two laws of planetary motion.

    Johannes Kepler published the first two laws of planetary motion.

  • William Harvey showed that the heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body.

    William Harvey showed that the heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body.

  • Francis Bacon published Novum Organum which encouraged the experimental method.

    Francis Bacon published Novum Organum which encouraged the experimental method.

  • Galileo was put under house arrest by an Inquisition for supporting Copernicus's theory.

    Galileo was put under house arrest by an Inquisition for supporting Copernicus's theory.

  • Rene Descartes published Discourse on Method which set forth his reasoning.

    Rene Descartes published Discourse on Method which set forth his reasoning.

  • Galileo developed the law of the pendulum.

    Galileo developed the law of the pendulum.

  • Evangelista Torricelli developed the first mercury barometer.

    Evangelista Torricelli developed the first mercury barometer.

  • Thomas Hobbes pubished Leviathan - a social contract.

    Thomas Hobbes pubished Leviathan - a social contract.

    People give up rights to a strong ruler who maintains order.
  • Robert Boyle created Boyle's law.

    Robert Boyle created Boyle's law.

  • John Locke explained his theory of "natural rights".

    John Locke explained his theory of "natural rights".

    The Natural Rights include life, liberty and property.
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw red blood cells for the first time.

    Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw red blood cells for the first time.

  • Isaac Newton published his law of gravity.

    Isaac Newton published his law of gravity.

  • Mary Astell wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies - addressing the lack of education opportunities for women.

    Mary Astell wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies - addressing the lack of education opportunities for women.

  • Gabriel Fahrenheit made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass

    Gabriel Fahrenheit made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass

    32 degrees = freezing; 212 degrees = boiling
  • Francois-Marie Arouet changing his name to Voltaire and goes on to champion individual freedoms.

    Francois-Marie Arouet changing his name to Voltaire and goes on to champion individual freedoms.

  • Emilie du Chatalet (a mathematician and physicist) translated Newton's work from Latin into French.

    Emilie du Chatalet (a mathematician and physicist) translated Newton's work from Latin into French.

  • The enlightened despot, Frederick II, began his rule of Prussia.

    The enlightened despot, Frederick II, began his rule of Prussia.

  • Anders Celsius created a scale for the mercury thermometer.

    Anders Celsius created a scale for the mercury thermometer.

    0 degrees = freezing; 100 degrees= boiling
  • Denis Diderot published the first volume of the Encyclopedia - a collection of enlightened thinkers works.

    Denis Diderot published the first volume of the Encyclopedia - a collection of enlightened thinkers works.

  • Montesquieu published On the Spirit of Laws - detailing separation of powers in government.

    Montesquieu published On the Spirit of Laws - detailing separation of powers in government.

  • Marie-Therese Geoffrin held her first salon of philosophes.

    Marie-Therese Geoffrin held her first salon of philosophes.

  • The Classical Period began in art, music, and architecture.

    The Classical Period began in art, music, and architecture.

    Composers include Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven.
  • The enlightened despot, Catherine the Great, began her rule of Russia.

    The enlightened despot, Catherine the Great, began her rule of Russia.

  • Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote The Social Contract - free individuals create a society and government

    Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote The Social Contract - free individuals create a society and government

  • Cesare Beccaria published On Crimes and Punishments - railing against common abuses of justice.

    Cesare Beccaria published On Crimes and Punishments - railing against common abuses of justice.

  • Joseph Priestly discovered Oxygen.

    Joseph Priestly discovered Oxygen.

  • Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.

    Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.

  • Antoine Lavoisier discovered and named gas oxygen.

    Antoine Lavoisier discovered and named gas oxygen.

  • The enlightened despot, Joseph II, began his rule of Austria.

    The enlightened despot, Joseph II, began his rule of Austria.

  • The U.S. enacted the Constitution - establishing a federal system, separation of powers, checks and balances.

    The U.S. enacted the Constitution - establishing a federal system, separation of powers, checks and balances.

  • The U.S. Congress added the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments) to the Constitution.

    The U.S. Congress added the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments) to the Constitution.

  • Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women - promoting women's education as virtuous.

    Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women - promoting women's education as virtuous.

  • Edward Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent small pox.

    Edward Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent small pox.