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Britain promises to defend Belgium's neutrality.
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Germany captured Paris during the Franco-Prussian War. Kaiser Wilhelm I was proclaimed "German Emperor" in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles.
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His foreign policies (in a nutshell):
1-A pacifist in dealing with international relations because he didn't want war for Germany, in order for
2-Germany to consolidate its power -
*German victory. The Treaty of Frankfurt is signed. Terms include:
- Formation of the German Empire
- Formation of the French Third Republic
- Germany annexes Alsace-Lorraine -
"Dreikaiserbund" Signed in Berlin.
Bismarck's first attempt to create an alliance between Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany.
The aim was to keep France isolated, and to avoid having a war on two fronts.
*A secret treaty.
Collapsed due to the dispute over the Balkans area - Austria viewed the Balkan countries, Serbia in particular, as a threat to its empire, but Russia was siding with Serbia (same race).
Russia withdrew in 1878. -
Hosted by Bismarck in Berlin, this congress was mainly a discussion between the superpowers over the fate of the Balkans area.
Bismarck was very keen on maintaining peace, and did not want to choose between Austria-Hungary or Russia because he didn't want the Three Emperor's League to break.
The final solution was to break the Balkans area into independent states (Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, etc), relinquishing the Ottoman Empire's control over them entirely.
The Treaty of Berlin was signed. -
A secret treaty between Germany and Austria-Hungary to provide aid to each other if Russia attacked either country. However, if any other country attacked Germany or Austria-Hungary, the other will remain neutral.
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Renamed as The Three Emperors' Alliance.
An attempt to keep Russia on Germany's side. -
Between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
Introducing Italy into the Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary.
This was to protect the three countries from Russia and France in case either/both attacks any one of the three countries.
If one of Russia/France attacked, these three countries would provide aid to each other. If Russia and France attacked at the same time, the three countries would provide military assistance.
This still kept France isolated. -
French and British explorers collide in their quest to add the Congo River basin (and neighbouring areas) to their countries' sphere of influence. The French had claimed Congo a few months earlier, but the British went ahead to invade it.
The dispute was brought to attention in the Berlin Conference of the same year. France got control (though not fully) on Congo, and Britain on Egypt and the lower part of the Niger River. -
Another attempt to build an exclusive alliance with Russia, since the last alliance didn't include Russia.
France still in isolation.
The two countries were to remain neutral if either of them attacks/are under the attack of a third country, unless said third country is France or Austria-Hungary.
Germany also agreed to
1) recognise Russia's sphere of influence in the eastern part of the Balkans (Eastern Rumelia and Bulgaria),
2) support Russia's control over the Black Sea. -
Very ambitious as shown in his politicies, but often did not follow through with the policies. He was temperamental and arrogant of his power. He also held a grudge against the British Empire as he was simultaneously jealous of their power and resentful that Germany isn't as strong in the navy.
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Bismarck did not get along well with Kaiser Wilhelm II; he debated with him over a lot of the policies he laid. Eventually he was forced to resign.
He is succeeded by Leo von Caprivi, who was appointed by the Kaiser. (The cartoon: "Dropping the Pilot", published in March 1890, Punch magazine.) -
Since the Reinsurance Treaty has failed, Russia forms an alliance with France to protect themselves from the three countries of the Triple Alliance. "1. If France is attacked by Germany, or by Italy supported by Germany, Russia shall employ all her available forces to attack Germany.
If Russia is attacked by Germany, or by Austria supported by Germany, France shall employ all her available forces to attack Germany.2. In case the forces of the Triple Alliance, or of any one of the Powers" -
The two countries agreed to "maintain their status-quo" in the Balkans, as neither was able to intervene in the area.
Austria was dealing with domestic problems - the Magyar people (Hungarians), long repressed by a martial law, protested for their rights.
Russia was preoccupied with the Far East. -
Kaiser Wilhelm II wanted Germany to expand its navy to rival Britain's. This is what sparked the naval arms race between Germany and Britain that continued well into the 1910s.
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A treaty was signed between the two countries to protect themselves from Russia and France should these two countries attack them. They promised to provide each other military aid if this does happen. However, if they are under attack/attacks any other country, the other would remain neutral.
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A coup d'etat in Serbia had the Serbian king and queen assassinated, leaving the rival House of Karađorđević to rule. The original House of Obrenović was allies with Austria-Hungary, while the new House of Karađorđević is allies with France and Russia.
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Exposed Russia's weakness: its military.
Extra humiliating too that it lost to a small and developing country. -
Alliance between Britain and France, formed to defend themselves from Germany.
Agreed to recognise each other's control over Egypt and Morocco. -
Following the Entente Cordiale, Germany defended Morocco's independence in the face of France, who was trying to colonise Morocco. Germany hoped to weaken the Entente with this act, expecting Britain to not help France, but the opposite happened.
A conference was held in Algeciras, Spain in 1906, but Germany found only one supporter among the European nations (Austria-Hungary). She signed a compromise at last to save face. -
Third naval law in the series. This was the same year when dreadnoughts were invented.
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